WordNet

relating to or being the keynote of a major or minor scale; "tonic harmony"
a medicine that strengthens and invigorates (同)restorative
(music) the first note of a diatonic scale (同)keynote
lime- or lemon-flavored carbonated water containing quinine (同)tonic_water, quinine water
used of syllables; "a tonic syllables carries the main stress in a word" (同)accented
employing variations in pitch to distinguish meanings of otherwise similar words; "Chinese is a tonal language" (同)tonal
of or relating to or producing normal tone or tonus in muscles or tissue; "a tonic reflex"; "tonic muscle contraction"
of or relating to or causing tetany
of or relating to or causing tetanus
relating to or characteristic of the abnormality ankylosis

PrepTutorEJDIC

強壮剤;養毛剤,ヘアトニック / (精神的に)元気付けるもの / =tonic water / 主音(音階の中心となる第1音) / 強壮にする,元気付ける / 音調の / (音楽で)主音の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/08/05 19:36:31」(JST)

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Ankylosis or anchylosis (from Greek ἀγκύλος, bent, crooked) is a stiffness of a joint due to abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of the joint, which may be the result of injury or disease. The rigidity may be complete or partial and may be due to inflammation of the tendinous or muscular structures outside the joint or of the tissues of the joint itself.^[1]

When the structures outside the joint are affected, the term "false ankylosis" has been used in contradistinction to "true ankylosis", in which the disease is within the joint. When inflammation has caused the joint-ends of the bones to be fused together, the ankylosis is termed osseous or complete and is an instance of synostosis. Excision of a completely ankylosed shoulder or elbow may restore free mobility and usefulness to the limb. "Ankylosis" is also used as an anatomical term, bones being said to ankylose (or anchylose) when, from being originally distinct, they coalesce, or become so joined together that no motion can take place between them.^[1]

Causes

X-ray of the wrist of a woman with rheumatoid arthritis, showing unaffected carpal bones in the left image, and ankylosing fusion of the carpal bones 8 years later in the right image.

Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of arthritis in which there is long-term inflammation of the joints of the spine.^[2]
Other forms of arthritis may sometimes also lead to ankylosis, including rheumatoid arthritis and reactive arthritis
Osteoarthritis usually confers osteophyte formation, which may eventually fuse across joints. Osteoarthritis is believed to be caused by mechanical stress on the joint and low-grade inflammatory processes.^[3]
Arthrodesis is the intentional creation of ankylosis in a joint.
Noma—a gangrenous disease still widespread among malnourished children living on the borders of the Sahara desert—can cause ankylosis of the maxilla and mandible, impairing the ability to speak and eat.^[4]

Fossil record

Evidence for ankylosis found in the fossil record is studied by paleopathologists, specialists in ancient disease and injury. Ankylosis has been reported in dinosaur fossils from several species, including Allosaurus fragilis, Becklespinax altispinax, Poekilopleuron bucklandii, and Tyrannosaurus rex (including the Stan specimen).^[5]^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ankylosis". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 58.
^ "Questions and Answers about Ankylosing Spondylitis". NIAMS. June 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
^ Berenbaum F (2013). "Osteoarthritis as an inflammatory disease (osteoarthritis is not osteoarthrosis!)". Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 21 (1): 16–21. PMID 23194896. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2012.11.012.
^ Deeb, G. R.; Yih, WY; Merrill, RG & Lundeen, RC (1999). "Noma: report of a case resulting in bony ankylosis of the maxilla and mandible". Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. 28 (6): 378–382. PMID 10578195. doi:10.1038/sj.dmfr.4600475. .
^ Molnar, R. E., 2001, Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 337-363.
^ "Ankylosis Treatment". Thursday, 6 July 2017

UpToDate Contents

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1. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis in adults
2. 成人における強直性脊椎炎の評価および治療 assessment and treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in adults
3. 成人における強直性脊椎炎の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis in adults
4. 強直性脊椎炎、末梢関節炎を主体とする脊椎関節炎、およびX線所見が認められない軸性脊椎関節炎における抗腫瘍壊死因子α（TNF-α）剤使用のための一般的ガイドライン general guidelines for use of anti tumor necrosis factor alpha agents in ankylosing spondylitis and in peripheral and non radiographic axial spondyloarthritis
5. Major causes of musculoskeletal chest pain in adults

English Journal

The effect of inspiratory muscle training on respiratory variables in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis: A case report.

Wong ML1, Anderson RG1, Garcia K1, Housmann EM1, McHale E1, Goldberger GS1, Cahalin LP1.
Physiotherapy theory and practice.Physiother Theory Pract.2017 Oct;33(10):805-814. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2017.1346023. Epub 2017 Jul 17.
PMID 28715240

A novel role for bone-derived cells in ankylosing spondylitis: Focus on IL-23.

Jo S1, Koo BS2, Lee B1, Kwon E1, Lee YL3, Chung H4, Sung IH5, Park YS6, Kim TH7.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications.Biochem Biophys Res Commun.2017 Sep 23;491(3):787-793. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.079. Epub 2017 Jul 18.
PMID 28728847

Imaging Appearance of Advanced Chronic Adhesive Arachnoiditis: A Retrospective Review.

Anderson TL1, Morris JM1, Wald JT1, Kotsenas AL1.
AJR. American journal of roentgenology.AJR Am J Roentgenol.2017 Sep;209(3):648-655. doi: 10.2214/AJR.16.16704. Epub 2017 Jun 22.
PMID 28639826

Japanese Journal

The microbiome, HLA, and the pathogenesis of uveitis

Japanese journal of ophthalmology : the official international journal of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society 60(1), 1-6, 2016-01
NAID 40020704899

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Turkish version of the pain catastrophizing scale among patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Journal of Physical Therapy Science 28(1), 298-303, 2016
NAID 130005121885

Elevated serum interleukin-23 levels in ankylosing spondylitis patients and the relationship with disease activity

Nagoya Journal of Medical Science 77(4), 621-627, 2015-11
NAID 120005672314

「tonic」

Ankylosis
	Osseous ankylosis has fused two vertebrae of this North Atlantic right whale specimen
Classification and external resources
Specialty	rheumatology
ICD-10	M24.6
ICD-9-CM	718.5
DiseasesDB	29910
MeSH	D000844
	[edit on Wikidata]