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a tumor consisting of a mixture of tissues not normally found at that site

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/07/24 14:46:10」(JST)

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A teratoma is an encapsulated tumor with tissue or organ components resembling normal derivatives of all three germ layers. The tissues of a teratoma, although normal in themselves, may be quite different from surrounding tissues and may be highly disparate; teratomas have been reported to contain hair, teeth, bone and, very rarely, more complex organs such as eyes,^[1]^[2] torso,^[3]^[4] and hands, feet, or other limbs.^[5]

Usually, however, a teratoma will contain no organs but rather one or more tissues normally found in organs such as the brain, thyroid, liver, and lung. Sometimes, the teratoma has within its capsule one or more fluid-filled cysts; when a large cyst occurs, there is a potential for the teratoma to produce a structure within the cyst that resembles a fetus. Because they are encapsulated, teratomas are usually benign, although several forms of malignant teratoma are known and some of these are common forms of teratoma. A mature teratoma is typically benign and found more commonly in women, while an immature teratoma is typically malignant and is more often found in men.

Teratomas are thought to be present at birth (congenital), but small ones are often not discovered until much later in life.

Definitive medical diagnosis of a teratoma is based on its histology; this diagnosis is made by a pathologist.

1 Etymology
2 Pathophysiology
- 2.1 Hypotheses of origin
- 2.2 Mature teratoma
- 2.3 Dermoid cyst
- 2.4 Fetus in fetu and fetiform teratoma
- 2.5 Struma ovarii
3 Classification
- 3.1 Malignant transformation
- 3.2 Extraspinal ependymoma
4 Diagnosis
5 Time of presentation
6 Complications
7 Treatment
- 7.1 Surgery
- 7.2 Chemotherapy
- 7.3 Follow-up
8 Epidemiology
9 Research
10 In other animals
11 Other links
12 References
13 External links

Etymology

There are some differences in terminology in the U.S. and U.K. The words "teratoma" (U.S. terminology) and "mature teratoma" (U.K. terminology) both may be used to refer to a benign growth, while the word "teratoma" (U.K. terminology) may refer to "immature teratoma", a cancerous growth. It is therefore important to specify whether one is using U.S. or U.K. terminology.

The term "malignant teratoma" has sometimes been used as a synonym for nonseminomatous germ cell tumor.^[6]

Pathophysiology

Main article: Germ cell tumor

Teratomas belong to a class of tumors known as nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (N.S.G.C.T.). All tumors of this class are the result of abnormal development of pluripotent cells: germ cells and embryonal cells. Teratomas of embryonic origin are congenital; teratomas of germ cell origin may or may not be congenital (this is not known). The kind of pluripotent cell appears to be unimportant, apart from constraining the location of the teratoma in the body.

Teratomas derived from germ cells occur in the testes in men and ovaries in women. Teratomas derived from embryonic cells usually occur on the subject's midline: in the brain, elsewhere in the skull, in the nose, in the tongue, under the tongue, and in the neck (cervical teratoma), mediastinum, retroperitoneum, and attached to the coccyx. However, teratomas may also occur elsewhere: very rarely in solid organs (most notably the heart and liver) and hollow organs (such as the stomach and bladder), and more commonly on the skull sutures.

Hypotheses of origin

Concerning the origin of teratomas, there exist numerous hypotheses.^[7] These hypotheses are not to be confused with the unrelated hypothesis that fetus in fetu (see below) is not a teratoma at all but rather a parasitic twin.

Mature teratoma

Mature teratoma of the mediastinum. A horizontal slice of the resected tumor reveals fibrofatty tissue, calcified areas, and a few cystic spaces lined with smooth membrane and containing a hair. In the left lower corner, the involved B5 bronchus is evident.

A mature teratoma is a grade 0 teratoma. Mature teratomas are highly variable in form and histology, and may be solid, cystic, or a combination of solid and cystic. A mature teratoma often contains several different types of tissue such as skin, muscle, and bone. Skin may surround a cyst and grow abundant hair (see Dermoid cyst). Mature teratomas generally are benign; malignant mature teratomas are of several distinct types.

Dermoid cyst

A small (4 cm) dermoid cyst of an ovary, discovered during a C-section

A dermoid cyst is a mature cystic teratoma containing hair (sometimes very abundant) and other structures characteristic of normal skin and other tissues derived from the ectoderm. The term is most often applied to teratoma on the skull sutures and in the ovaries of females.

Fetus in fetu and fetiform teratoma

Fetus in fetu and fetiform teratoma are rare forms of mature teratoma that include one or more components resembling a malformed fetus. Both forms may contain or appear to contain complete organ systems, even major body parts such as torso or limbs. Fetus in fetu differs from fetiform teratoma in having an apparent spine and bilateral symmetry.^[7]

Most authorities agree that fetiform teratomas are highly developed mature teratomas; the natural history of fetus in fetu, however, is controversial.^[7] There also may be a cultural difference, with fetiform teratoma being reported more often in ovarian teratomas (by gynecologists) and fetus in fetu being reported more often in retroperitoneal teratomas (by general surgeons). Fetus in fetu has often been interpreted as a fetus growing within its twin. As such, this interpretation assumes a special complication of twinning, one of several grouped under the term parasitic twin. In this regard, it is noteworthy that in many cases the fetus in fetu is reported to occupy a fluid-filled cyst within a mature teratoma.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] Cysts within mature teratoma may have partially developed organ systems; reports include cases of partial cranial bones, long bones and a rudimentary beating heart.^[12]^[13]

Regardless of whether fetus in fetu and fetiform teratoma are one entity or two, they are distinct from and not to be confused with ectopic pregnancy.

Struma ovarii

Main article: Struma ovarii

A struma ovarii (literally: goitre of the ovary) is a rare form of mature teratoma that contains mostly thyroid tissue.

Classification

Regardless of location in the body, a teratoma is classified according to a cancer staging system. This indicates whether chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be needed in addition to surgery. Teratomas commonly are classified using the Gonzalez-Crussi^[7] grading system: 0 or mature (benign); 1 or immature, probably benign; 2 or immature, possibly malignant (cancerous); and 3 or frankly malignant. If frankly malignant, the tumor is a cancer for which additional cancer staging applies.

Teratomas are also classified by their content: a solid teratoma contains only tissues (perhaps including more complex structures); a cystic teratoma contain only pockets of fluid or semi-fluid such as cerebrospinal fluid, sebum, or fat; a mixed teratoma contains both solid and cystic parts. Cystic teratomas usually are grade 0 and, conversely, grade 0 teratomas usually are cystic.

Grade 0, 1 and 2 pure teratomas have the potential to become malignant (grade 3), and malignant pure teratomas have the potential to metastasize. These rare forms of teratoma with malignant transformation may contain elements of somatic (non germ cell) malignancy such as leukemia, carcinoma or sarcoma.^[14] A teratoma may contain elements of other germ cell tumors, in which case it is not a pure teratoma but rather is a mixed germ cell tumor and is malignant. In infants and young children, these elements usually are endodermal sinus tumor, followed by choriocarcinoma. Finally, a teratoma can be pure and not malignant yet highly aggressive: this is exemplified by growing teratoma syndrome, in which chemotherapy eliminates the malignant elements of a mixed tumor, leaving pure teratoma which paradoxically begins to grow very rapidly.

Malignant transformation

A "benign" grade 0 (mature) teratoma nonetheless has a risk of malignancy. Recurrence with malignant endodermal sinus tumor has been reported in cases of formerly benign mature teratoma,^[15]^[16] even in fetiform teratoma and fetus in fetu.^[17]^[18] Squamous cell carcinoma has been found in a mature cystic teratoma at the time of initial surgery.^[19]

A grade 1 immature teratoma that appears to be benign (e.g., because AFP is not elevated) has a much higher risk of malignancy, and requires adequate follow-up.^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23] This grade of teratoma also may be difficult to diagnose correctly. It can be confused with other small round cell neoplasms such as neuroblastoma, small cell carcinoma of hypercalcemic type, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, Wilm's tumor, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.^[24]

A teratoma with malignant transformation (TMT) is a very rare form of teratoma that may contain elements of somatic (non germ cell) malignant tumors such as leukemia, carcinoma or sarcoma.^[14] Of 641 children with pure teratoma, nine developed TMT:^[25] five carcinoma, two glioma, and two embryonal carcinoma (here, these last are classified among germ cell tumors).

Extraspinal ependymoma

Extraspinal ependymoma, usually considered to be a glioma (a type of non-germ cell tumor), may be an unusual form of mature teratoma.^[26]

Diagnosis

CT showing a teratoma of the ovary: fatty formation with a smooth boundary, with a dense part, possibly a tooth.

Teratomas are thought to be present since birth, or even before birth, and therefore can be considered congenital tumors. However, many teratomas are not diagnosed until much later in childhood or in adulthood. Large tumors are more likely to be diagnosed early on. Sacrococcygeal and cervical teratomas are often detected by prenatal ultrasound. Additional diagnostic methods may include prenatal MRI. In rare circumstances, the tumor is so large that the fetus may be damaged or die. In the case of large sacrococcygeal teratomas, a significant portion of the fetus' blood flow is redirected toward the teratoma (a phenomenon called steal syndrome), causing heart failure, or hydrops, of the fetus. In certain cases, fetal surgery may be indicated.

Beyond the newborn period, symptoms of a teratoma depend on its location and organ of origin. Ovarian teratomas often present with abdominal or pelvic pain, caused by torsion of the ovary or irritation of its ligaments. A recently discovered condition where ovarian teratomas cause encephalitis associated with antibodies against the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) - often simply referred to as "Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis", was identified as a serious complication. Patients develop a multistage illness that progresses from psychosis, memory deficits, seizures, and language disintegration into a state of unresponsiveness with catatonic features often associated with abnormal movements, and autonomic and breathing instability.^[27] Testicular teratomas present as a palpable mass in the testis; mediastinal teratomas often cause compression of the lungs or the airways and may present with chest pain and/or respiratory symptoms.

Some teratomas contain yolk sac elements, which secrete alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Detection of AFP may help to confirm the diagnosis and is often used as a marker for recurrence or treatment efficacy, but is rarely the method of initial diagnosis. (Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, or MSAFP, is a useful screening test for other fetal conditions, including Down syndrome, spina bifida and abdominal wall defects such as gastroschisis).

Time of presentation

Teratomas of germ cell origin usually are found (i.e., present) in adult men and women, but they may also be found in children and infants. Teratomas of embryonal origin are most often found in babies at birth, in young children, and, since the advent of ultrasound imaging, in fetuses.

The most commonly diagnosed fetal teratomas are sacrococcygeal teratoma (Altman types I, II, and III) and cervical (neck) teratoma. Because these teratomas project from the fetal body into the surrounding amniotic fluid, they can be seen during routine prenatal ultrasound exams. Teratomas within the fetal body are less easily seen with ultrasound; for these, MRI of the pregnant uterus is more informative.^[28]^[29]

Complications

Teratomas are not dangerous for the fetus unless there is either a mass effect or a large amount of blood flow through the tumor (known as vascular steal). The mass effect frequently consists of obstruction of normal passage of fluids from surrounding organs. The vascular steal can place a strain on the growing heart of the fetus, even resulting in heart failure, and thus must be monitored by fetal echocardiography.

After surgery, there is a risk of regrowth in place, or in nearby organs.^[30]

Treatment

Surgery

The treatment of choice is complete surgical removal (i.e., complete resection).^[31]^[32] Teratomas normally are well encapsulated and non-invasive of surrounding tissues, hence they are relatively easy to resect from surrounding tissues. Exceptions include teratomas in the brain, and very large, complex teratomas that have pushed into and become interlaced with adjacent muscles and other structures.

Prevention of recurrence does not require en bloc resection of surrounding tissues.

Chemotherapy

For malignant teratomas, usually, surgery is followed by chemotherapy.

Teratomas that are in surgically inaccessible locations, or are very complex, or are likely to be malignant (due to late discovery and/or treatment) sometimes are treated first with chemotherapy.

Follow-up

Although often described as benign, a teratoma does have malignant potential. In a UK study of 351 infants and children diagnosed with "benign" teratoma reported 227 with MT, 124 with IT. Five years after surgery, event-free survival was 92.2% and 85.9%, respectively, and overall survival was 99% and 95.1%.^[33] A similar study in Italy reported on 183 infants and children diagnosed with teratoma. At 10 years after surgery, event free and overall survival were 90.4% and 98%, respectively.^[34]

Depending on which tissue(s) it contains, a teratoma may secrete a variety of chemicals with systemic effects. Some teratomas secrete the "pregnancy hormone" human chorionic gonadotropin (βhCG), which can be used in clinical practice to monitor the successful treatment or relapse in patients with a known HCG-secreting teratoma. This hormone is not recommended as a diagnostic marker, because most teratomas do not secrete it. Some teratomas secrete thyroxine, in some cases to such a degree that it can lead to clinical hyperthyroidism in the patient. Of special concern is the secretion of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP); under some circumstances AFP can be used as a diagnostic marker specific for the presence of yolk sac cells within the teratoma. These cells can develop into a frankly malignant tumor known as yolk sac tumor or endodermal sinus tumor.

Adequate follow-up requires close observation, involving repeated physical examination, scanning (ultrasound, MRI, or CT), and measurement of AFP and/or βhCG.^[35]^[36]

Epidemiology

Embryonal teratomas most commonly occur in the sacrococcygeal region: sacrococcygeal teratoma is the single most common tumor found in newly born humans.

Of teratomas on the skull sutures, approximately 50% are found in or adjacent to the orbit.^[37] Limbal dermoid is a choristoma, not a teratoma.

Teratoma qualifies as a rare disease, but is not extremely rare. Sacrococcygeal teratoma alone is diagnosed at birth in one out of 40,000 humans. Given the current human population and birth-rate, this equals five per day or 1800 per year. Add to that number sacrococcygeal teratomas diagnosed later in life, and teratomas in other locales, and the incidence approaches ten thousand new diagnoses of teratoma per year.

Teratomas also occur, rarely, in other species.^[38]

Research

In light of the ethical issues surrounding the source of human stem cells, teratomas are being looked at as an alternative source for research because they lack the potential to grow into functional human beings.

In other animals

Ovarian teratomas have been reported in mares^[39]^[40] and in canines.^{[citation needed]}

References

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^ Sergi C, Ehemann V, Beedgen B, Linderkamp O, Otto HF (1999). "Huge fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma with a completely formed eye and intratumoral DNA ploidy heterogeneity". Pediatric and Developmental Pathology : the Official Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society 2 (1): 50–7. PMID 9841706.
^ Kuno N, Kadomatsu K, Nakamura M, Miwa-Fukuchi T, Hirabayashi N, Ishizuka T (January 2004). "Mature ovarian cystic teratoma with a highly differentiated homunculus: a case report". Birth Defects Research. Part a, Clinical and Molecular Teratology 70 (1): 40–6. DOI:10.1002/bdra.10133. PMID 14745894.
^ Arlikar JD, Mane SB, Dhende NP, Sanghavi Y, Valand AG, Butale PR (March 2009). "Fetus in fetu: two case reports and review of literature". Pediatric Surgery International 25 (3): 289–92. DOI:10.1007/s00383-009-2328-8. PMID 19184054.
^ "Tumor in baby’s brain contained tiny foot". msnbc.msn.com. December 18, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/28294470/. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
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^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gonzalez-Crussi, F. (1982) Extragonadal Teratomas. Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Second Series, Fascicle 18. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington D.C.
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^ Orbital dermoid cyst at eMedicine
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External links

Look up teratoma in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Category:Teratoma

humpath pathology images #2657 (Teratomas), #4541 (Mature teratoma), #5350 (Immature teratoma)
cystic teratoma at eMedicine (also search EMedicine for all articles containing the word teratoma)
Monster Tumors Show Scientific Potential in War Against Cancer article in the NYTimes
Mature teratoma entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms

This article incorporates public domain material from the U.S. National Cancer Institute document "Dictionary of Cancer Terms".

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Intracoelomic teratoma in a domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus): A case report including immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.

Palmieri C, Romanucci M, Loi P, Della Salda L.SourceDepartment of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teramo University, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
Research in veterinary science.Res Vet Sci.2012 Oct;93(2):862-4. Epub 2012 Feb 11.
A female domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) suddenly died with abdominal distension and a large multilobulated mass within the coelomic cavity was found. Histologically and immunohistochemically, a benign mature tridermic teratoma was diagnosed and epithelial structures, cartilage, bone,
PMID 22326660

Assessment of Ovarian Teratoma and Lymphadenopathy by 18F-FDG PET/CT.

Balink H, Apperloo MJ, Collins J.SourceFrom the Departments of *Nuclear Medicine, †Gynaecology, and ‡Radiology, Medical Centre Leeuwarden, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
Clinical nuclear medicine.Clin Nucl Med.2012 Aug;37(8):804-6.
ABSTRACT: Two women presented with abdominal complaints; after clinical investigation and ultrasonography, both were suspected of having (ovarian) teratoma. The CT scan showed enlarged para-aortic lymph nodes, which increased the suspicion of a malignant process. Total-body F-FDG PET/CT studies help
PMID 22785518

Japanese Journal

急性腹症で発症した小児直腸重複症の1例

大割貢,臼井規朗,曹英樹,中井弘,福澤正洋
日本小児外科学会雑誌 47(7), 1033-1037, 2011-12-20
症例は3歳男児.腹痛,粘血便を主訴に前医を受診した.腹部CT検査にて,骨盤内に石灰化を伴う腫瘤陰影が認められたため,虫垂炎を疑われて当科に紹介された.来院時の炎症所見は軽度で,腹部超音波検査にて骨盤内に鏡面像を伴う嚢胞像を認めた.また注腸造影では,直腸壁が右方から圧迫されている所見を認めた.直腸診でも腫瘤を触知したため,当初,奇形腫などの骨盤内腫瘍と考えた.しかし,翌日には筋性防御が出現し,血液検 …
NAID 110008896724

小児の中耳奇形腫例

川田仁美,千田いづみ,松田和徳,佐藤豪,大山晴三,石谷保夫,武田憲昭
耳鼻咽喉科臨床 104(10), 689-695, 2011-10-01
… We report a case of infantile middle-ear teratoma. … The tumor, was biopsied twice transaural, under general anesthesia, contained squamous epithelium, striated muscle, and adipose tissue, suggesting middle-ear teratoma. … Mature middle-ear teratoma was diagnosed due to the absence of immaturity and malignancy. …
NAID 10029659117

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「胚細胞腫瘍」「奇形腫」「嚢胞性奇形腫」「成熟奇形腫」「teratoid tumor」
拡張検索	「teratomatous」

「胚細胞腫瘍」

Teratoma
	Classification and external resources
	; Micrograph of a teratoma showing tissue from all three germ layers: mesoderm (immature cartilage - left-upper corner of image), endoderm (gastrointestinal glands - center-bottom of image) and ectoderm (epidermis - right of image). H&E stain.
ICD-10	C62.9 (ILDS C62.930)
ICD-O:	9080
DiseasesDB	3604 12952 12966
eMedicine	med/3449
MeSH	D013724

　　[★]

英: germ cell tumor GCT, germ cell tumors GCTs
同: 生殖細胞腫瘍、胚細胞性腫瘍、胚細胞腫
関

脳における胚細胞腫瘍(SCN.194)

好発部位(SCN.194)

松果体部(53%)、トルコ鞍上部(20%)、大脳基底核(5.5%)　←　正中線上に多い傾向
ジャーミノーマはトルコ鞍上部が多い

疫学(SCN.194)

西欧と比べ、アジア、特に日本で多い。
原発性脳腫瘍の約3%を占める
小児に多い。小児脳腫瘍の15%を占める
松果体に発生する腫瘍：男性に多い
トルコ鞍上部に発生する腫瘍：性差無し

症状(SCN.194)

松果体部腫瘍：中脳水道を閉塞→水頭症。視蓋前野、上丘を圧迫→Parinaud症候群、Argyll Robertson pupil
トルコ鞍上部腫瘍：尿崩症、視力・視野障害、下垂体前葉機能障害
基底核部腫瘍：片麻痺、不随運動、けいれん

「奇形腫」

　　[★]

英: teratoma
関

概念

内胚葉、中胚葉、外胚葉に由来する成分が混合してみられる腫瘍。

病理

由来は全能性幹細胞
好発部位は性腺、縦隔、後腹膜

検査

(参考1)悪性の奇形腫ではhCG, AFPが上昇することがある。

参考

1. Value of Blood AFP and HCG Levels in the Diagnosis of Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors

http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/english/jnlabstract_en.php?cdjournal=nmc1959&cdvol=20&noissue=12&startpage=1197

「嚢胞性奇形腫」

　　[★]

英: cystic teratoma
関: 奇形腫, テラトーマ, teratoma, teratoid tumor、成熟奇形腫, mature teratoma、卵巣腫瘍

良性の卵巣腫瘍

「成熟奇形腫」

　　[★]

英: mature teratoma
同: 良性奇形腫 benign teratoma
関: 嚢胞性奇形腫, cystic teratoma、奇形腫, teratoid tumor, teratoma

「teratoid tumor」

　　[★]

奇形腫

関: cystic teratoma、mature teratoma、teratocarcinoma、teratoma、teratomatous

「teratomatous」

　　[★]

奇形腫の

関: teratocarcinoma、teratoid tumor、teratoma

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[pmid7692755-22] Hawkins E, Issacs H, Cushing B, Rogers P (1993). "Occult malignancy in neonatal sacrococcygeal teratomas. A report from a Combined Pediatric Oncology Group and Children's Cancer Group study". The American journal of pediatric hematology/oncology 15 (4): 406–9. PMID 7692755.

[pmid18618728-23] Ramalingam P, Teague D, Reid-Nicholson M (Jul 2008). "Imprint cytology of high-grade immature ovarian teratoma: A case report, literature review, and distinction from other ovarian small round cell tumors". Diagn. Cytopathol. 36 (8): 595–9. DOI:10.1002/dc.20849. PMID 18618728.

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[36] Orbital dermoid cyst at eMedicine

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Teratoma
Classification and external resources
Micrograph of a teratoma showing tissue from all three germ layers: mesoderm (immature cartilage - left-upper corner of image), endoderm (gastrointestinal glands - center-bottom of image) and ectoderm (epidermis - right of image). H&E stain.
ICD-10	C62.9 (ILDS C62.930)
ICD-O:	9080
DiseasesDB	3604 12952 12966
eMedicine	med/3449
MeSH	D013724

匿名

検索

案内

teratoma