startle

• 驚愕、驚愕する

　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm; "She startled when I walked into the room" (同)jump, start
2. a sudden involuntary movement; "he awoke with a start" (同)jump, start
3. to stimulate to action ; "..startled him awake"; "galvanized into action" (同)galvanize, galvanise
4. a normal reflex of young infants; a sudden loud noise causes the child to stretch out the arms and flex the legs (同)Moro_reflex
5. play in the starting lineup
6. the advantage gained by beginning early (as in a race); "with an hours start he will be hard to catch" (同)head_start
7. a turn to be a starter (in a game at the beginning); "he got his start because one of the regular pitchers was in the hospital"; "his starting meant that the coach thought he was one of their best linemen" (同)starting
8. a line indicating the location of the start of a race or a game (同)starting line, scratch, scratch line
9. the beginning of anything; "it was off to a good start"
10. begin or set in motion; "I start at eight in the morning"; "Ready, set, go!" (同)go, get going
11. bulge outward; "His eyes popped" (同)protrude, pop, pop_out, bulge, bulge out, bug out, come_out
12. get going or set in motion; "We simply could not start the engine"; "start up the computer" (同)start up
13. get off the ground; "Who started this company?"; "We embarked on an exciting enterprise"; "I start my day with a good breakfast"; "We began the new semester"; "The afternoon session begins at 4 PM"; "The blood shed started when the partisans launched a surprise attack" (同)start up, embark on, commence
14. begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job; "Take up a position"; "start a new job" (同)take_up
15. so remarkably different or sudden as to cause momentary shock or alarm; "Sydneys startling new Opera House"; "startling news"; "startling earthquake shocks"
16. excited by sudden surprise or alarm and making a quick involuntary movement; "students startled by the teachers quiet return"; "the sudden fluttering of the startled pigeons"; "her startled expression"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. …‘を'『飛び上がらせる』,ぎょっとさせる / (…に)ぎょっとする,はっとする《+『at』+『名』》 / 突然の驚き,はっとすること
2. (…から…に向かって)『出発する』《+『from』+『名』+『for』(『to』)+『名』》 / 〈事が〉『始まる』,発生する;)…で)始まる《+『with』+『塁』》,(…から)生じる《+『from』+『名』》 / 〈人が〉『活動し始める』,〈機械などが〉動き始める;(…を)始める,(…に)着手する《+『in』(『on』)+『名』》 / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》〈人が〉(…に驚いて)急に動く;《比喩(ひゆ)的に》ぎまりとする,ぎょっとする 《+『at』+『名』》 / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》〈物が〉急に動く,飛び出る,噴出する / (試合の)先発メンバーになる / …‘を'『始める』,開始する / 〈人〉‘に'始めさせる / …‘を'生じさせる,引き起こす / 〈機械など〉‘を'『始動させる』 / …‘を'使い始める / 〈獲物〉‘を'狩り出す,飛び立たせる,先発メンバーしとて出す / 〈C〉『出発』,スタート;出発点 / 〈C〉(事業などの)『開始』,着手 / 〈C〉最初,初め,出だし / 〈C〉《a ~》はっと(びっくり)すること,びっくりして飛び上がること / 〈U〉《時にa ~》(…に対する)先発[権],優先[権];機先《+『on』(『over』)+『名』》
3. 驚くべき,びっくりさせる(surprising)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/19 02:55:17」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

The startle response is a defensive response to sudden or threatening stimuli, and is associated with negative affect. Usually the onset of the startle response is reflectory. The startle reflex is a brainstem reflectory reaction (reflex) that serves to protect the back of the neck (whole-body startle) and the eyes (eyeblink) and facilitates escape from sudden stimuli. It is found across the lifespan of many species. An individual's emotional state may lead to a variety of responses.

Neuromotor examination

During neuromotor examinations of newborns, it is noted that, for a number of techniques, the patterns of the startle reaction and the Moro reflex may significantly overlap, the notable distinction being the absence of arm abduction (spreading) during startle responses.

Acoustic startle reflex

The acoustic startle reflex is thought to be caused by an auditory stimulus greater than 80 decibels. The reflex is typically measured by electromyography, brain imagining or sometimes positron electron tomography There are many brain structures and pathways thought to be involved in the reflex. The amygdala, hippocampus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and anterior cingulate cortex are all thought to play a role in modulating the reflex. The anterior cingulate cortex in the brain is largely thought to be the main area associated with emotional response and awareness, which can contribute to the way an individual reacts to a startle inducing stimuli. Along with the anterior cingulate cortex, the amygdala and the hippocampus are known to have implications in this reflex. The amygdala is known to have a role in the “fight or flight” response, and the hippocampus functions to form memories of the stimulus and the emotions associated with it. The role of the BNST in the acoustic startle reflex may be attributed to specific areas within the nucleus responsible for stress and anxiety responses. Activation of the BNST by certain hormones is thought to promote a startle response The auditory pathway for this response was largely elucidated in rats in the 1980s. The basic pathway follows the auditory pathway from the ear up to the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (LLN) from where it activates a motor centre in the reticular formation. This centre sends descending projections to lower motor neurones of the limbs.

In slightly more detail this corresponds to ear (cochlea) -> cranial nerve VIII (auditory) -> cochlear nucleus (ventral/inferior) -> LLN -> caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC). The whole process has a less than 10ms latency. There is no involvement of the superior/rostral or inferior/caudal colliculus in the reaction that "twitches" the hindlimbs, but these may be important for adjustment of pinnae, gaze towards the direction of the sound or the associated blink.

See also

• Prepulse inhibition — Attenuation of the startle response after a weaker preceding stimulus, or prepulse.
• Surprise (emotion)

References

• Carney Landis, William Alvin Hunt, Hans Strauss (1939). The startle pattern. Farrar & Rinehart. , review[1]
• Robert C. Eaton (1984). Neural Mechanisms of Startle Behavior. ISBN 978-0306415562. 

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 幼児における非てんかん性発作性障害 nonepileptic paroxysmal disorders in infancy
• 2. 小児における運動過多な運動障害 hyperkinetic movement disorders in children
• 3. 機能性不随意運動 functional movement disorders
• 4. 症候性（二次性）ミオクローヌス symptomatic secondary myoclonus
• 5. スティッフパーソン症候群 stiff person syndrome

English Journal

• Supraphysiological hormonal status, anxiety disorders, and COMT Val/Val genotype are associated with reduced sensorimotor gating in women.

• Comasco E1, Hellgren C2, Olivier J3, Skalkidou A2, Sundström Poromaa I2.
• Psychoneuroendocrinology.Psychoneuroendocrinology.2015 Oct;60:217-23. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.06.019. Epub 2015 Jul 2.
• Pregnancy is a period characterized by a supraphysiological hormonal status, and greater anxiety proneness, which can lead to peripartum affective symptoms with dramatic consequences not only for the woman but also for the child. Clinical psychiatry is heavily hampered by the paucity of objective an
• PMID 26189199

• Anesthesia with sevoflurane in neonatal rats: Developmental neuroendocrine abnormalities and alleviating effects of the corticosteroid and Cl(-) importer antagonists.

• Xu C1, Tan S1, Zhang J2, Seubert CN1, Gravenstein N3, Sumners C4, Vasilopoulos T1, Martynyuk AE5.
• Psychoneuroendocrinology.Psychoneuroendocrinology.2015 Oct;60:173-81. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.06.016. Epub 2015 Jun 25.
• BACKGROUND: 1.5 million children under 12 months of age are exposed to general anesthesia annually in the United States alone. Human and especially animal studies provide evidence that exposure to general anesthesia during the early postnatal period may lead to long-term neurocognitive abnormalities
• PMID 26150359

• The common neural parasite Pseudoloma neurophilia is associated with altered startle response habituation in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio): Implications for the zebrafish as a model organism.

• Spagnoli S1, Xue L2, Kent ML3.
• Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2015 Sep 15;291:351-60. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.046. Epub 2015 May 28.
• The zebrafish's potential as a model for human neurobehavioral research appears nearly limitless despite its relatively recent emergence as an experimental organism. Since the zebrafish has only been part of the research community for a handful of decades, pathogens from its commercial origins conti
• PMID 26028515

• Exposure to HIV-1 Tat in brain impairs sensorimotor gating and activates microglia in limbic and extralimbic brain regions of male mice.

• Paris JJ1, Singh HD1, Carey AN2, McLaughlin JP3.
• Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2015 Sep 15;291:209-18. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.05.021. Epub 2015 May 22.
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with mood disorders and behavioral disinhibition. Impairments in sensorimotor gating and associated neurocognitive disorders are reported, but the HIV-proteins and mechanisms involved are not known. The regulatory HIV-1 protein, Tat, is neur
• PMID 26005128

Japanese Journal

• Pelvic fin removal modifies escape trajectory in a teleost fish

• Fisheries science 82(1), 85-93, 2016-01
• NAID 40020718588

• 自閉症スペクトラム障害児における聴覚性驚愕反射の特性とエンドフェノタイプ候補可能性の検討 (特集 自閉症スペクトラム障害の早期マーカー)

• 日本生物学的精神医学会誌 = Japanese journal of biological psychiatry 26(2), 103-108, 2015-06
• NAID 40020552449

• Developmental Neurotoxicology: History and Outline of Developmental Neurotoxicity Study Guidelines

• Food Safety 3(2), 48-61, 2015
• NAID 130005084364

• 脳波測定によるミス・驚愕及び疲労状態の検知に関する研究

• 55, 2014-03-24
• NAID 120005524482

Related Links

• Startle – Home of Forbes Travel Guide Star Rated Hotels ...

Expert Hotel, Restaurant, Spa and Destination reviews. Insider offers and expert travel content. Home of Forbes Travel Guide.

• Startle | Define Startle at Dictionary.com

to disturb or agitate suddenly as by surprise or alarm. 2. to cause to start involuntarily, by or as by a sudden shock. verb (used without object). 3. to start involuntarily, as from a shock of surprise or alarm. noun. 4. a sudden shock of surprise, ...

• Startle - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary

to move or jump suddenly (as in surprise or alarm) <the baby startles easily>. transitive verb. : to frighten or surprise suddenly and usually not seriously. — star· tle·ment \-mənt\ noun. See startle defined for English-language learners » ...

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関連記事

「start」

「start」

　　[★]

• vi.
• vt.

• 始める(begin)。(仕事などを)始める、～に取りかかる。(旅行など)にでかける
• (討論・話題など)の口火を切る、(苦情などを)言い渡す、持ち出す、(うわさを)流す。(賞賛・舞踏などを)先にたってする、煽動する、主唱する。
• (子を)宿らせる
• (機械を)指導させる。(火事などを)起こす。使い始める
• (競争で)～にスタートの合図を欠ける、スタートさせる。先発メンバーにする
• (人を)旅行に行かせる。(商売・店などを)(人)に始めさせる、身の立つようにしてやる。～の初期の面倒を見る。(ねじ・釘などを)あらかじめ少し打ち込んでやる
• (～を)(初任給～で)雇う(at)
• (目的語と現在分詞を伴って)始めさせる、～の原因になる
• (獲物を)飛びだたせる、狩り出す
• (船材・釘などを)ゆるませる、そらせる、はずれさせる、曲がらせる。

• n.

関

begin, commence, commencement, initiate, initiation, institute, launch, mobilize, mount, onset, outset, undertake