Gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria

グラム陽性内生胞子形成細菌、Gram陽性内生胞子形成細菌

WordNet

1. reckoned, situated or tending in the direction which naturally or arbitrarily is taken to indicate increase or progress or onward motion; "positive increase in graduating students"
2. a film showing a photographic image whose tones correspond to those of the original subject
3. the primary form of an adjective or adverb; denotes a quality without qualification, comparison, or relation to increase or diminution (同)positive degree
4. indicating existence or presence of a suspected condition or pathogen; "a positive pregnancy test" (同)confirming
5. having a positive charge; "protons are positive" (同)electropositive, positively charged
6. formally laid down or imposed; "positive laws" (同)prescribed
7. characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance or certainty etc.; "a positive attitude"; "the reviews were all positive"; "a positive benefit"; "a positive demand"
8. greater than zero; "positive numbers"
9. (microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants (同)bacterium
10. Danish physician and bacteriologist who developed a method of staining bacteria to distinguish among them (1853-1938) (同)Hans C. J. Gram
11. a metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram (同)gramme, gm, g
12. a small asexual spore that develops inside the cell of some bacteria and algae

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『肯定した,同意の』 / 『実際的な,』積極的な,建設的な / 《補語にのみ用いて》『確信のある』,自信のある / (事が)疑問の余地がない,明確な;(言葉が)はっきりした / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》《話》全くの,文字どおりの / (生体の反応が)陽性の / (数が)正の,プラスの;(気電が)陽の;(写真で)陽画の / (形容詞・副詞の比較変化で)原級の / 明確(明白)なもの / (形容詞・副詞の)原級 / (写真の)陽画,ポジ / (数学で)正数
2. 『バクテリア』,細菌

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/01/09 23:36:07」(JST)

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Rod-shaped gram-positive Bacillus anthracis bacteria in a cerebrospinal fluid sample stand out from round white blood cells.

Violet stained gram-positive cocci and un-stained pink gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria

Gram-positive bacteria are a class of bacteria that take up the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. The thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall that encases their cell membrane retains the stain, making definitive identification possible.

Gram-negative bacteria cannot retain the violet stain after the decolorization step; alcohol used in the decolorization process degrades the outer membrane of gram-negative cells making the cell wall more porous and incapable of retaining the crystal violet stain. Their peptidoglycan layer is much thinner and sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane, causing them to take up the counterstain (safranin or fuchsine) and appear red or pink.

Despite their thicker peptidoglycan layer, gram-positive bacteria are more receptive to antibiotics than gram-negative, due to the latter's relatively impermeable lipid based bacterial outer membrane.

Characteristics

Gram-positive and -negative cell wall structure

Structure of gram-positive cell wall

In general, the following characteristics are present in gram-positive bacteria:

1. Cytoplasmic lipid membrane
2. Thick peptidoglycan layer
3. Teichoic acids and lipoids are present, forming lipoteichoic acids, which serve as chelating agents, and also for certain types of adherence.
4. Peptidoglycan chains are cross-linked to form rigid cell walls by a bacterial enzyme DD-transpeptidase.

Only some species have a capsule usually consisting of polysaccharides. Also only some species are flagellated, and when they are, they only have two rings to support them (gram-negative have four). Both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria commonly have a surface layer called an S-layer. In gram-positive bacteria, the S-layer is attached to the peptidoglycan layer (in gram-negative bacteria, the S-layer is attached directly to the outer membrane). Specific to gram-positive bacteria is the presence of teichoic acids in the cell wall. Some of these are lipoteichoic acids, which have a lipid component in the cell membrane that can assist in anchoring the peptidoglycan.

Classification

Along with cell shape, Gram staining is a rapid method used to differentiate bacterial species. In traditional and even some areas of contemporary microbiological practice, such staining, alongside growth requirement and antibiotic susceptibility testing, and other macroscopic and physiologic tests, forms the full basis for classification and subdivision of the bacteria (e.g., see figure and pre-1990 versions of Bergey's Manual).

Species identification hierarchy in clinical settings

Historically, the kingdom Monera was divided into four divisions based primarily on Gram staining: Firmicutes (positive in staining), Gracilicutes (negative in staining), Mollicutes (neutral in staining) and Mendocutes (variable in staining). Based on 16S ribosomal RNA phylogenetic studies of the late microbiologist Carl Woese and collaborators and colleagues at the University of Illinois, the monophyly of the gram-positive bacteria was challenged, with striking productive implications for the therapeutic and general study of these organisms. Based on molecular studies of the 16S sequences, Woese recognised twelve bacterial phyla, two being gram-positive: high-GC gram-positives (the Actinobacteria) and low-GC gram-positives (the Firmicutes), (where G and C refer to the guanine and cytosine content in their genomes). The high GC gram-positives the Actinobacteria include the Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia and Streptomyces genera. The low-GC gram-positive Firmicutes, have a 45%-60% GC content, but this is lower than that of the Actinobacteria.

Importance of the outer cell membrane in bacterial classification

The structure of peptidoglycan, composed of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

Although bacteria are traditionally divided into two main groups, gram-positive and gram-negative, based on their Gram stain retention property, this classification system is ambiguous as it refers to three distinct aspects (staining result, envelope organization, taxonomic group), which do not necessarily coalesce for some bacterial species. The gram-positive and gram-negative staining response is also not a reliable characteristic as these two kinds of bacteria do not form phylogenetic coherent groups. However, although Gram staining response is an empirical criterion, its basis lies in the marked differences in the ultrastructure and chemical composition of the bacterial cell wall, marked by the absence or presence of an outer lipid membrane.

All gram-positive bacteria are bounded by a single-unit lipid membrane, and, in general, they contain a thick layer (20–80 nm) of peptidoglycan responsible for retaining the Gram stain. A number of other bacteria—that are bounded by a single membrane, but stain Gram-negative due to either lack of the peptidoglycan layer, as in the Mycoplasmas, or their inability to retain the Gram stain because of their cell wall composition—also show close relationship to the Gram-positive bacteria. For the bacterial cells bounded by a single cell membrane, the term "monoderm bacteria" or "monoderm prokaryotes" has been proposed.

In contrast to gram-positive bacteria, all archetypical gram-negative bacteria are bounded by a cytoplasmic membrane and an outer cell membrane; they contain only a thin layer of peptidoglycan (2–3 nm) between these membranes. The presence of inner and outer cell membranes defines a new compartment in these cells: the periplasmic space or the periplasmic compartment. These bacteria have been designated as "diderm bacteria." The distinction between the monoderm and diderm bacteria is supported by conserved signature indels in a number of important proteins (viz. DnaK, GroEL). Of these two structurally distinct groups of bacteria, monoderms are indicated to be ancestral. Based upon a number of observations including that the gram-positive bacteria are the major producers of antibiotics and that, in general, gram-negative bacteria are resistant to them, it has been proposed that the outer cell membrane in gram-negative bacteria (diderms) has evolved as a protective mechanism against antibiotic selection pressure. Some bacteria, such as Deinococcus, which stain gram-positive due to the presence of a thick peptidoglycan layer and also possess an outer cell membrane are suggested as intermediates in the transition between monoderm (gram-positive) and diderm (gram-negative) bacteria. The diderm bacteria can also be further differentiated between simple diderms lacking lipopolysaccharide, the archetypical diderm bacteria where the outer cell membrane contains lipopolysaccharide, and the diderm bacteria where outer cell membrane is made up of mycolic acid.

Exceptions

In general, gram-positive bacteria are monoderms and have a single lipid bilayer whereas gram-negative bacteria are diderms and have two bilayers. Some taxa lack peptidoglycan (such as the domain Archaea, the class Mollicutes, some members of the Rhickettsiales, and the insect-endosymbionts of the Enterobacteriales) and are gram-variable. This, however, does not always hold true. The Deinococcus-Thermus bacteria have gram-positive stains, although they are structurally similar to gram-negative bacteria with two layers. The Chloroflexi have a single layer, yet (with some exceptions) stain negative. Two related phyla to the Chloroflexi, the TM7 clade and the Ktedonobacteria, are also monoderms.

Some Firmicute species are not gram-positive. These belong to the class Mollicutes (alternatively considered a class of the phylum Tenericutes), which lack peptidoglycan (gram-indeterminate), and the class Negativicutes, which includes Selenomonas and stain gram-negative. Additionally, a number of bacterial taxa (viz. Negativicutes, Fusobacteria, Synergistetes, and Elusimicrobia) that are either part of the phylum Firmicutes or branch in its proximity are found to possess a diderm cell structure. However, a conserved signature indel (CSI) in the HSP60 (GroEL) protein distinguishes all traditional phyla of gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Proteobacteria, Aquificae, Chlamydiae, Bacteroidetes, Chlorobi, Cyanobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, Spirochetes, Acidobacteria, etc.) from these other atypical diderm bacteria, as well as other phyla of monoderm bacteria (e.g., Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Thermotogae, Chloroflexi, etc.). The presence of this CSI in all sequenced species of conventional LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-containing gram-negative bacterial phyla provides evidence that these phyla of bacteria form a monophyletic clade and that no loss of the outer membrane from any species from this group has occurred.

Pathogenesis

Colonies of a gram-positive pathogen of the oral cavity, Actinomyces sp.

In the classical sense, six gram-positive genera are typically pathogenic in humans. Two of these, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, are cocci (sphere-shaped). The remaining organisms are bacilli (rod-shaped) and can be subdivided based on their ability to form spores. The non-spore formers are Corynebacterium and Listeria (a coccobacillus), whereas Bacillus and Clostridium produce spores. The spore-forming bacteria can again be divided based on their respiration: Bacillus is a facultative anaerobe, while Clostridium is an obligate anaerobe. Also, Rathybacter, Leifsonia, and Clavibacter are three gram-positive genera that cause plant disease.

See also

• Gram-negative bacteria
• Gram staining

References

External links

•  This article incorporates public domain material from the NCBI document "Science Primer".

• 3D structures of proteins associated with plasma membrane of gram-positive bacteria
• 3D structures of proteins associated with outer membrane of gram-positive bacteria
• Gram staining procedure and images

UpToDate Contents

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Related Links

• Bacillus and related endospore-forming bacteria

Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology presents information on Gram-positive aerobic endospore=forming bacteria, including members of the genus Bacillus.

• Endospore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

It is a stripped-down, dormant form to which the bacterium can reduce itself. Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of nutrients, and usually occurs in Gram-positive bacteria. In endospore formation, the bacterium divides within its ...

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リンク元	「Gram陽性内生胞子形成細菌」「グラム陽性内生胞子形成細菌」
関連記事	「positive」

「Gram陽性内生胞子形成細菌」

　　[★]

英

Gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria

関

グラム陽性内生胞子形成細菌

「グラム陽性内生胞子形成細菌」

　　[★]

英

Gram-positive endospore-forming bacteria

関

Gram陽性内生胞子形成細菌

「positive」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 陽性の、正の、積極的な、ポジティブな

関

active、actively、aggressive、offensive、positively、positivity