WordNet

the time when something ends; "it was the death of all his plans"; "a dying of old hopes" (同)dying, demise
the time at which life ends; continuing until dead; "she stayed until his death"; "a struggle to the last" (同)last
the absence of life or state of being dead; "he seemed more content in death than he had ever been in life"
the permanent end of all life functions in an organism or part of an organism; "the animal died a painful death"
the act of killing; "he had two deaths on his conscience"
the event of dying or departure from life; "her death came as a terrible shock"; "upon your decease the capital will pass to your grandchildren" (同)decease, expiry
small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
the personification of death; "Death walked the streets of the plague-bound city"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『死』,死亡;死に方,死にざま / 〈U〉死んだ[ような]状体 / 《the~》(…の)絶滅,破滅《+『of』+『名』》 / 《the~》(…の)死の原因,命取り《+『of』+『名』》 / 《通例『D-』》死神(手に鎌(かマ)を持った黒装束の骸骨(がいこつ)で表される)
(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
=program

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 癌免疫療法の原則principles of cancer immunotherapy [show details]
…"immune checkpoint" molecules include cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), TIM3, and LAG3. Chronic recognition of an antigen (such as that present in a malignant …
2. 免疫チェックポイント阻害剤による免疫療法に伴う毒性toxicities associated with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy [show details]
…been investigated: Retreating with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition after prior PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor toxicity – In one study of 38 patients with lung cancer rechallenged with a PD-1 inhibitor, 52 percent developed recurrent …
3. 組織に依存しないがん治療：固形がんにおけるDNAミスマッチ修復の欠損、腫瘍変異量および免疫チェックポイント遮断への応答tissue agnostic cancer therapy dna mismatch repair deficiency tumor mutational burden and response to immune checkpoint blockade in solid tumors [show details]
…targeted in several tumor types is programmed cell death 1 (PD-1). PD-1 is upregulated on activated T cells, and upon recognition of tumor via the T cell receptor, PD-1 engagement by programmed cell death …
4. 胃や食道に発生した限局進行性で切除不能な進行癌や転移性癌：セカンドライン以降の全身療法progressive locally advanced unresectable and metastatic esophageal and gastric cancer approach to later lines of systemic therapy [show details]
…including esophagogastric cancer, is programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). PD-1 is upregulated on activated T cells, and upon recognition of tumor via the T cell receptor, PD-1 engagement by PD-L1 expressed by the …
5. 免疫チェックポイント阻害療法における肝臓とすい臓の合併症、およびまれな消化管合併症　hepatic pancreatic and rare gastrointestinal complications of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy [show details]
…with single-agent immunotherapy (ie, a PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor) rather than the original immunotherapy regimen. Most patients who previously received a single-agent PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor and plan to restart …

English Journal

Sipuleucel-T and immunotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Dawson NA1, Roesch EE.Author information 1Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Podium B, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Genitourinary Oncology Program , 3800 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007 , USA +1 202 444 9094 ; +1 202 444 9429 ; NAD103@gunet.georgetown.edu.AbstractIntroduction: Immunotherapy represents an emerging modality of treatment utilized in patients with prostate cancer, among various other malignancies. Areas covered: Sipuleucel-T is an autologous active cellular immunotherapy that has demonstrated improved survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The IMPACT trial led to the FDA approval of sipuleucel-T as first-line treatment for men with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic mCRPC. Additional immunotherapies in cancer have shown promising results in clinical studies. These include ProstVac, which is a poxvirus vaccine targeting prostate-specific antigen, and cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1). The combination of sipuleucel-T with both androgen deprivation therapy and androgen signaling agents has demonstrated robust and augmented immune responses. The responses to immunotherapy are often seen via different parameters compared with other therapies, including increased T-cell activation and antibody response. Expert opinion: The role of immunotherapy in cancer continues to grow and encompass agents with different mechanisms, and ongoing efforts to identify appropriate timing of therapy and patients for use is integral to the management of prostate cancer.
Expert opinion on biological therapy.Expert Opin Biol Ther.2014 May;14(5):709-19. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2014.896897. Epub 2014 Mar 12.
Introduction: Immunotherapy represents an emerging modality of treatment utilized in patients with prostate cancer, among various other malignancies. Areas covered: Sipuleucel-T is an autologous active cellular immunotherapy that has demonstrated improved survival in patients with metastatic castrat
PMID 24620782

CD271 on Melanoma Cell Is an IFN-γ-Inducible Immunosuppressive Factor that Mediates Downregulation of Melanoma Antigens.

Furuta J, Inozume T, Harada K, Shimada S.Author information Department of Dermatology, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan.AbstractIFN-γ released from cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) during the effector phase is essential for rejecting bulky melanoma tumors. In contrast, IFN-γ is known to induce certain immunosuppressive factors in tumor cells such as programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1). In this study, we have identified candidates for IFN-γ-inducible CTL-suppressive factors in melanoma cells using complementary DNA microarray analysis, and CD271/p75/neurotrophin receptor (NTR) was one of the candidate genes. Recently, CD271 was identified as a marker of the cancer stem cell-like population in human melanoma tissues. In this study, we showed that overexpression of CD271 on melanoma cells suppressed the in vitro activation of melanoma-specific CTLs. This suppression was mediated by CD271 ligation with activated CTL-derived nerve growth factor and the subsequent downregulation of melanoma antigens. Moreover, we found that the expression levels of PD-L1 on melanoma cells correlated with those of CD271, and they additively suppressed the activation of melanoma-specific CTLs. To the best of our knowledge, the role of overexpression of CD271 in an anti-melanoma T-cell response has been unreported.
The Journal of investigative dermatology.J Invest Dermatol.2014 May;134(5):1369-77. doi: 10.1038/jid.2013.490. Epub 2013 Nov 13.
IFN-γ released from cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) during the effector phase is essential for rejecting bulky melanoma tumors. In contrast, IFN-γ is known to induce certain immunosuppressive factors in tumor cells such as programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1). In this study, we have identified
PMID 24226422

Tissue-Resident Exhausted Effector Memory CD8+ T Cells Accumulate in the Retina during Chronic Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis.

Boldison J1, Chu CJ, Copland DA, Lait PJ, Khera TK, Dick AD, Nicholson LB.Author information 1School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom;AbstractExperimental autoimmune uveoretinitis is a model for noninfectious posterior segment intraocular inflammation in humans. Although this disease is CD4+ T cell dependent, in the persistent phase of disease CD8+ T cells accumulate. We show that these are effector memory CD8+ T cells that differ from their splenic counterparts with respect to surface expression of CD69, CD103, and Ly6C. These retinal effector memory CD8+ T cells have limited cytotoxic effector function, are impaired in their ability to proliferate in response to Ag-specific stimulation, and upregulate programmed death 1 receptor. Treatment with fingolimod (FTY720) during the late phase of disease revealed that retinal CD8+ T cells were tissue resident. Despite signs of exhaustion, these cells were functional, as their depletion resulted in an expansion of retinal CD4+ T cells and CD11b+ macrophages. These results demonstrate that, during chronic autoimmune inflammation, exhausted CD8+ T cells become established in the local tissue. They are phenotypically distinct from peripheral CD8+ T cells and provide local signals within the tissue by expression of inhibitory receptors such as programmed death 1 that limit persistent inflammation.
Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950).J Immunol.2014 Apr 16. [Epub ahead of print]
Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis is a model for noninfectious posterior segment intraocular inflammation in humans. Although this disease is CD4+ T cell dependent, in the persistent phase of disease CD8+ T cells accumulate. We show that these are effector memory CD8+ T cells that differ from th
PMID 24740509