- 関
- exteriorize
WordNet
- make external or objective, or give reality to; "language externalizes our thoughts" (同)exteriorise, externalize, externalise, objectify
- bring outside the body for surgery, of organs (同)bring outside
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈感情〉‘を'言葉で表現する / 〈行動〉‘を'理屈で説明する,理論化する
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/11/11 10:46:44」(JST)
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This article is about the general case. For externalization of cost, in the context of economics, see externality.
Externalization means to put something outside its original borders, especially to put a human function outside the human body. The opposite of externalization is internalization.
In a concrete sense, by taking notes, we can externalize the function of memory which normally belongs in the brain.
In a more abstract sense, by making excuses, we can externalize the guilt associated with our actions.
In Freudian psychology, externalization is an unconscious defense mechanism by which an individual "projects" his or her own internal characteristics onto the outside world, particularly onto other people.[1] For example, a patient who is overly argumentative might instead perceive others as argumentative and himself as blameless.
Like other defense mechanisms, externalization is a protection against anxiety and is, therefore, part of a healthy, normally functioning mind. However, if taken to excess, it can lead to the development of a neurosis.
Externalization can also be used in the context of a corporation. A corporation that externalizes its costs onto society and the environment is not taking full responsibility and ownership of these costs. An example might be the discharge of untreated toxic waste into a river where people wash and fish.
Notes
- ^ Sandler, Joseph (1988). Title Projection, identification, projective identification. Karnac Books. ISBN 0-946439-40-0.
References
- Bateson, Gregory (2002) [1978]. Mind and Nature. Cresskill: Hampton Press. ISBN 0-553-13724-7.
- Bergson, Henri (1998) [1911]. Creative Evolution. Arthur Mitchell, trans. NY: Dover. ISBN 0-8191-3553-4.
- Kuchka, H.E (2001). "Method for Theory: A Prelude to Human Ecosystems". Journal of Ecological Anthropology 5.
- Gumperz, John J.; Levinson, Stephen C. (December 1991). "Rethinking Linguistic Relativity". Current Anthropology 32 (5): 613–623. doi:10.1086/204009.
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- The effect of inter-annual variability of consumption, production, trade and climate on crop-related green and blue water footprints and inter-regional virtual water trade: A study for China (1978-2008).
- Zhuo L1, Mekonnen MM1, Hoekstra AY2.
- Water research.Water Res.2016 May 1;94:73-85. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.037. Epub 2016 Feb 16.
- Previous studies into the relation between human consumption and indirect water resources use have unveiled the remote connections in virtual water (VW) trade networks, which show how communities externalize their water footprint (WF) to places far beyond their own region, but little has been done t
- PMID 26938494
- Identification of lipid-phosphatidylserine (PS) as the target of unbiasedly selected cancer specific peptide-peptoid hybrid PPS1.
- Desai TJ1, Toombs JE2, Minna JD2,3,4,5, Brekken RA2,3,4,6, Udugamasooriya DG1,7.
- Oncotarget.Oncotarget.2016 Apr 22. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8929. [Epub ahead of print]
- Phosphatidylserine (PS) is an anionic phospholipid maintained on the inner-leaflet of the cell membrane and is externalized in malignant cells. We previously launched a careful unbiased selection targeting biomolecules (e.g. protein, lipid or carbohydrate) distinct to cancer cells by exploiting HCC4
- PMID 27120792
- VAiRoma: A Visual Analytics System for Making Sense of Places, Times, and Events in Roman History.
- Cho I, Dou W, Wang DX, Sauda E, Ribarsky W.
- IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics.IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph.2016 Jan;22(1):210-9. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2015.2467971.
- Learning and gaining knowledge of Roman history is an area of interest for students and citizens at large. This is an example of a subject with great sweep (with many interrelated sub-topics over, in this case, a 3,000 year history) that is hard to grasp by any individual and, in its full detail, is
- PMID 26529701
Japanese Journal
- 認知ツールの操作スキル向上支援を目的としたFadable Scaffolding
- 柏原 昭博,伊藤 真
- 人工知能学会論文誌 30(3), 559-569, 2015
- … Cognitive tool is an interactive application for encouraging learners to visualize/externalize the process or results of learning and to scaffold the learning process as modeled. …
- NAID 130005068486
- 教師の授業設計意図自動外化システムの開発とその有効性評価
- 笠井 俊信,永野 和男,溝口 理一郎
- 人工知能学会論文誌 30(3), 570-584, 2015
- … In order to facilitate learners knowledge refinement process, it is effective to let them externalize their knowledge. … However, in a domain of the instructional design in which existence of knowledge and its necessity are not sufficiently articulated or recognized, it is not easy for teachers who are also learners of how to externalize their knowledge. …
- NAID 130005068485
- プロブレムオントロジーに基づく医療行為の意図の表明支援:医療行為の目的への合意をふまえた懸念の表明を支えるメディア
- 小川 泰右,池田 満,鈴木 斎王,荒木 賢二
- 人工知能学会論文誌 30(1), 37-46, 2015
- … The result of the trial use suggests that the media suppresses the confusion and prompts users to externalize intentions of medical services. …
- NAID 130004927370
Related Links
- Externalize definition, to make external; embody in an outward form. See more. Thesaurus Translate Puzzles & Games Reference Word of the Day Blog Slideshows Apps by Dictionary My Account Log Out Log In Dictionary ...
- externalizeとは。意味や和訳。[動](他)1 〈内的なものを〉外面化[客観化]する;〈考えなどを〉形に表す,具体化する.2 〈物の〉外形だけを見る;…を外在的な原因によると考えるexternalize one's failure失敗の原因は外にあるとする.3 ...
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
露出させる、外面化する
- 関
- expose、exposure、externalize
[★]
- 英
- externalize、exteriorize
- 関
- 露出