n.

技師、エンジニア

v.

設計する、操作する

関: design、manipulate、manipulation、operate、operation、planning

WordNet

design as an engineer; "He engineered the water supply project"
a person who uses scientific knowledge to solve practical problems (同)applied scientist, technologist
the operator of a railway locomotive (同)locomotive engineer, railroad engineer, engine_driver
process or manner of functioning or operating; "the power of its engine determines its operation"; "the planes operation in high winds"; "they compared the cooking performance of each oven"; "the jets performance conformed to high standards" (同)functioning, performance
(computer science) data processing in which the result is completely specified by a rule (especially the processing that results from a single instruction); "it can perform millions of operations per second"
the state of being in effect or being operative; "that rule is no longer in operation"
activity by a military or naval force (as a maneuver or campaign); "it was a joint operation of the navy and air force" (同)military operation
a process or series of acts especially of a practical or mechanical nature involved in a particular form of work; "the operations in building a house"; "certain machine tool operations" (同)procedure
a medical procedure involving an incision with instruments; performed to repair damage or arrest disease in a living body; "they will schedule the operation as soon as an operating room is available"; "he died while undergoing surgery" (同)surgery, surgical_operation, surgical_procedure, surgical process
a business especially one run on a large scale; "a large-scale farming operation"; "a multinational operation"; "they paid taxes on every stage of the operation"; "they had to consolidate their operations"
a planned activity involving many people performing various actions; "they organized a rescue operation"; "the biggest police operation in French history"; "running a restaurant is quite an operation"; "consolidate the companies various operations"
the activity of operating something (a machine or business etc.); "her smooth operation of the vehicle gave us a surprisingly comfortable ride"
plan something for a specific role or purpose or effect; "This room is not designed for work"
the act of working out the form of something (as by making a sketch or outline or plan); "he contributed to the design of a new instrument" (同)designing
a decorative or artistic work; "the coach had a design on the doors" (同)pattern, figure
a preliminary sketch indicating the plan for something; "the design of a building"
an arrangement scheme; "the awkward design of the keyboard made operation difficult"; "it was an excellent design for living"; "a plan for seating guests" (同)plan
make a design of; plan out in systematic, often graphic form; "design a better mousetrap"; "plan the new wing of the museum" (同)plan
conceive or fashion in the mind; invent; "She designed a good excuse for not attending classes that day"
create designs; "Dupont designs for the house of Chanel"
create the design for; create or execute in an artistic or highly skilled manner; "Chanel designed the famous suit"
intend or have as a purpose; "She designed to go far in the world of business"
hold something in ones hands and move it
treat manually, as with massage, for therapeutic purposed
control (others or oneself) or influence skillfully, usually to ones advantage; "She manipulates her boss"; "She is a very controlling mother and doesnt let her children grow up"; "The teacher knew how to keep the class in line"; "she keeps in line" (同)keep in line, control
influence or control shrewdly or deviously; "He manipulated public opinion in his favor" (同)pull strings, pull wires
direct or control; projects, businesses, etc.; "She is running a relief operation in the Sudan" (同)run
happen; "What is going on in the minds of the people?"
handle and cause to function; "do not operate machinery after imbibing alcohol"; "control the lever" (同)control
an act of formulating a program for a definite course of action; "the planning was more fun than the trip itself"
the act or process of drawing up plans or layouts for some project or enterprise
the cognitive process of thinking about what you will do in the event of something happening; "his planning for retirement was hindered by several uncertainties" (同)preparation, provision
the branch of engineering that deals with the creation and management of systems that integrate people and materials and energy in productive ways (同)industrial management
an engineer trained to design and construct and maintain public works (roads or bridges or harbors etc.)
the branch of engineering concerned with the design and construction and operation of nuclear reactors
something used to achieve a purpose; "an engine of change"
an instrument or machine that is used in warfare, such as a battering ram, catapult, artillery piece, etc.; "medieval engines of war"
motor that converts thermal energy to mechanical work
a room (as on a ship) in which the engine is located (同)engine room
the discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems; "he had trouble deciding which branch of engineering to study" (同)engineering science, applied science, technology

PrepTutorEJDIC

『技師』,技術家 / 《米》(特に鉄道の)『機関士』 / 巧みに事を処理する人,手腕家 / (陸軍の)工兵;(海軍の)機関士官 / (技師として)…‘を'設計する,建設する / …‘を'巧みに処理する,工作する
〈U〉(…)『作用』,働き;(機械などを)『動かすこと』,操作,(企業などの)運営《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(機械・機能などが)『動いている状態』,働いている状態,(法律など)有効である状態 / 〈C〉(人に対する…の)『手術』《+『on』〈人〉+『for』+『名』〈患部・病名〉》 / 〈C〉《複数形で》(特に,軍の)行動;《しばしばO-》…作戦 / 〈C〉運算,演算
{C}(形式・構造などの)略図,見取り図,設計図 / 〈C〉『図案』,意匠,模様 / 〈U〉図案法,意匠術 / 〈C〉(…の)『計画』,企画,目的《+『for』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》(…への)たくらみ,下心《+『against』(『on』,『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈構造など〉‘を'『設計する』 / …‘の'『下絵を描く』,図案を描く / …‘を'『計画する』,頭の中で考える(plan) / …‘を'『予定する』
〈道具類〉‘を'巧みに扱う(動かす),〈言葉〉‘を'うまく使う / 〈人・世論など〉‘を'巧みに操る,〈問題など〉‘を'うまく処理する(maneuver) / (自分の利益のために)…‘を'ごまかす,小細工する
〈機械・身体器官などが〉『動く』,作動する / 〈薬などが〉(…に)『利く』,効果を表す,作用する,影響する《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / (人に…の)『手術をする』《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』〈人〉+『for』+『名』》 / (…に対して)軍事行動をする《+『against』+『名』》 / 〈機械・装置など〉‘を'『動かす』 / …‘を'経営する,運営する;〈株など〉‘を'売買する
『エンジン』,発動機,機関 / 『機関車』(locomotive) / 消防ポンプ(fire engine) / 《古》(一般に)機械装置
『工学』 / 土木工事

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/14 22:36:46」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

An engineer is a professional practitioner of engineering, concerned with applying scientific knowledge, mathematics, and ingenuity to develop solutions for technical, societal and commercial problems. Engineers design materials, structures, and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost.^[1]^[2] The word engineer is derived from the Latin roots ingeniare ("to contrive, devise") and ingenium ("cleverness").^[3]^[4]

The work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human needs and quality of life.^[1]

This word has a specific and larger meaning in French Higher Education. See subsection.

Roles and expertise

Design

Engineers develop new technological solutions. During the engineering design process, the responsibilities of the engineer may include defining problems, conducting and narrowing research, analyzing criteria, finding and analyzing solutions, and making decisions. Much of an engineer's time is spent on researching, locating, applying, and transferring information.^[5] Indeed, research suggests engineers spend 56% of their time engaged in various information behaviours, including 14% actively searching for information.^[6]

Engineers must weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result.

Analysis

Engineers conferring on prototype design, 1954

Engineers apply techniques of engineering analysis in testing, production, or maintenance. Analytical engineers may supervise production in factories and elsewhere, determine the causes of a process failure, and test output to maintain quality. They also estimate the time and cost required to complete projects. Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects. Engineering analysis involves the application of scientific analytic principles and processes to reveal the properties and state of the system, device or mechanism under study. Engineering analysis proceeds by separating the engineering design into the mechanisms of operation or failure, analyzing or estimating each component of the operation or failure mechanism in isolation, and re-combining the components. They may analyze risk.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Many engineers use computers to produce and analyze designs, to simulate and test how a machine, structure, or system operates, to generate specifications for parts, to monitor the quality of products, and to control the efficiency of processes.

Specialization and management

Most engineers specialize in one or more engineering disciplines.^[1] Numerous specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the major branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering, for example, includes structural and transportation engineering, and materials engineering includes ceramic, metallurgical, and polymer engineering. Engineers also may specialize in one industry, such as motor vehicles, or in one type of technology, such as turbines or semiconductor materials.^[1]

Several recent studies have investigated how engineers spend their time; that is, the work tasks they perform and how their time is distributed among these. Research^[6]^[11] suggests that there are several key themes present in engineers’ work: (1) technical work (i.e., the application of science to product development); (2) social work (i.e., interactive communication between people); (3) computer-based work; (4) information behaviours. Amongst other more detailed findings, a recent work sampling study^[11] found that engineers spend 62.92% of their time engaged in technical work, 40.37% in social work, and 49.66% in computer-based work. Furthermore, there was considerable overlap between these different types of work, with engineers spending 24.96% of their time engaged in technical and social work, 37.97% in technical and non-social, 15.42% in non-technical and social, and 21.66% in non-technical and non-social.

Engineering is also an information intensive field, with research finding that engineers spend 55.8% of their time engaged in various different information behaviours, including 14.2% actively seeking information from other people (7.8%) and information repositories such as documents and databases (6.4%).^[6]

The time engineers spend engaged in such activities is also reflected in the competencies required in engineering roles. In addition to engineers’ core technical competence, research has also demonstrated the critical nature of their personal attributes, project management skills, and cognitive abilities to success in the role.^[12]

Ethics

The Challenger disaster is held as a case study of engineering ethics.

Engineers have obligations to the public, their clients, employers and the profession. Many engineering societies have established codes of practice and codes of ethics to guide members and inform the public at large. Each engineering discipline and professional society maintains a code of ethics, which the members pledge to uphold. Depending on their specializations, engineers may also be governed by specific statute, whistleblowing, product liability laws, and often the principles of business ethics.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Some graduates of engineering programs in North America may be recognized by the Iron Ring or Engineer's Ring, a ring made of iron or stainless steel that is worn on the little finger of the dominant hand. This tradition began in 1925 in Canada with The Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer, where the ring serves as a symbol and reminder of the engineer's obligations for the engineering profession. In 1972, the practice was adopted by several colleges in the United States including members of the Order of the Engineer.

Education

Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and the physical and life sciences. Many programs also include courses in general engineering and applied accounting. A design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both, is part of the curriculum of most programs. Often, general courses not directly related to engineering, such as those in the social sciences or humanities, also are required.

Accreditation is the process by which engineering program are evaluated by an external body to determine if applicable standards are met. The Washington Accord serves as an international accreditation agreement for academic engineering degrees, recognizing the substantial equivalency in the standards set by many major national engineering bodies. In the United States, post-secondary degree programs in engineering are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology.

Regulation

In many countries, engineering tasks such as the design of bridges, electric power plants, industrial equipment, machine design and chemical plants, must be approved by a licensed professional engineer. Most commonly titled Professional Engineer is a license to practice and is indicated with the use of post-nominal letters; PE or P.Eng. These are common in North America, as is European Engineer (Eur Ing) in Europe. The practice of engineering in the UK is not a regulated profession but the control of the titles of Chartered Engineer (CEng) and Incorporated Engineer (IEng) is regulated. These titles are protected by law and are subject to strict requirements defined by the Engineering Council UK. The title CEng is in use in much of the Commonwealth.

Many semi-skilled trades and engineering technicians in the UK have, in the past, called themselves engineers. This is now seen as a misuse of the title, giving a false image of the profession. A growing movement in the UK is to legally protect the title 'Engineer' so that only professional engineers can use it; a DirectGov petition^[16] has been started to further this cause. Despite petitions in the UK the term engineer is still used by some unskilled or semi-skilled workers.

In the United States, licensure is generally attainable through combination of education, pre-examination (Fundamentals of Engineering exam), examination (Professional Engineering Exam),^[17] and engineering experience (typically in the area of 5+ years). Each state tests and licenses Professional Engineers. Currently most states do not license by specific engineering discipline, but rather provide generalized licensure, and trust engineers to use professional judgement regarding their individual competencies; this is the favoured approach of the professional societies. Despite this, however, at least one of the examinations required by most states is actually focused on a particular discipline; candidates for licensure typically choose the category of examination which comes closest to their respective expertise.

In Canada, the profession in each province is governed by its own engineering association. For instance, in the Province of British Columbia an engineering graduate with four or more years of post graduate experience in an engineering-related field and passing exams in ethics and law will need to be registered by the Association for Professional Engineers and Geoscientists (APEGBC)^[18] in order to become a Professional Engineer and be granted the professional designation of P.Eng allowing one to practice engineering.

In Continental Europe, Latin America, Turkey and elsewhere the title is limited by law to people with an engineering degree and the use of the title by others is illegal. In Italy, the title is limited to people who both hold an engineering degree and have passed a professional qualification examination (Esame di Stato). In Portugal, professional engineer titles and accredited engineering degrees are regulated and certified by the Ordem dos Engenheiros. In the Czech Republic, the title "engineer" (Ing.) is given to people with a (masters) degree in chemistry, technology or economics for historical and traditional reasons. In Greece, the academic title of "Diploma Engineer" is awarded after completion of the five-year engineering study course and the title of "Certified Engineer" is awarded after completion of the four-year course of engineering studies at a Technological Educational Institute (TEI).

Perception

Differences among countries

The perception and definition of engineer varies across countries and continents. British school children in the 1950s were brought up with stirring tales of 'the Victorian Engineers', chief amongst whom were the Brunels, the Stephensons, Telford and their contemporaries. In the UK, "engineering" was more recently perceived as an industry sector consisting of employers and employees loosely termed "engineers" who included the semi-skilled trades. However, the 21st-century view, especially amongst the more educated members of society, is to reserve the term Engineer to describe a university-educated practitioner of ingenuity represented by the Chartered (or Incorporated) Engineer. But still most UK public see Engineers as semi skilled tradespeople with a high school education.

In the US and Canada, engineering is a regulated profession whose practice and practitioners are licensed and governed by law. A 2002 study by the Ontario Society of Professional Engineers revealed that engineers are the third most respected professionals behind doctors and pharmacists.^[19]

In the Indian subcontinent, Russia and China, engineering is one of the most sought after undergraduate courses, inviting thousands of applicants to show their ability in highly competitive entrance examinations.

In Egypt, the educational system makes engineering the second-most-respected profession in the country (after medicine); engineering colleges at Egyptian universities require extremely high marks on the General Certificate of Secondary Education (Arabic: الثانوية العامة‎ al-Thānawiyyah al-`Āmmah)—on the order of 97 or 98%—and are thus considered (along with the colleges of medicine, natural science, and pharmacy) to be among the "pinnacle colleges" (كليات القمة kullīyāt al-qimmah).

French "Ingénieur" title

In France, engineer is the title of the alumni of elite scientific "Grandes Ecoles" (Institutes of Technology), and the french "engineer" can thus be as well a scientist, a company top manager or a high civil servant. The title is only meaning the appartenance to french executive elite and has no relation to technological skills.

Corporate culture

In companies and other organizations, there is sometimes a tendency to undervalue people with advanced technological and scientific skills compared to celebrities, fashion practitioners, entertainers and managers. In his book The Mythical Man-Month,^[20] Fred Brooks Jr says that managers think of senior people as "too valuable" for technical tasks, and that management jobs carry higher prestige. He tells how some laboratories, such as Bell Labs, abolish all job titles to overcome this problem: a professional employee is a "member of the technical staff." IBM maintain a dual ladder of advancement; the corresponding managerial and engineering / scientific rungs are equivalent. Brooks recommends that structures need to be changed; the boss must give a great deal of attention to keeping his managers and his technical people as interchangeable as their talents allow.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor (2006). "Engineers". Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006-07 Edition. Retrieved 2006-09-21.
^ National Society of Professional Engineers (2006). "Frequently Asked Questions About Engineering". Archived from the original on 2006-05-22. Retrieved 2006-09-21. Science is knowledge based on observed facts and tested truths arranged in an orderly system that can be validated and communicated to other people. Engineering is the creative application of scientific principles used to plan, build, direct, guide, manage, or work on systems to maintain and improve our daily lives.
^ Oxford Concise Dictionary, 1995
^ "engineer". Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford University Press. 22 October 2011
^ A.Eide, R.Jenison, L.Mashaw, L.Northup. Engineering: Fundamentals and Problem Solving. New York City: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.,2002
^ ^a ^b ^c Robinson, M. A. (2010). An empirical analysis of engineers’ information behaviors. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(4), 640–658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.21290
^ Baecher, G.B., Pate, E.M., and de Neufville, R. (1979) “Risk of dam failure in benefit/cost analysis”, Water Resources Research, 16(3), 449–456.
^ Hartford, D.N.D. and Baecher, G.B. (2004) Risk and Uncertainty in Dam Safety. Thomas Telford
^ International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) (2003) Risk Assessment in Dam Safety Management. ICOLD, Paris
^ British Standards Institution (BSIA) (1991)BC 5760 Part 5: Reliability of systems equipment and components - Guide to failure modes effects and criticality analysis (FMEA and FMECA).
^ ^a ^b Robinson, M. A. (2012). How design engineers spend their time: Job content and task satisfaction. Design Studies, 33(4), 391–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2012.03.002
^ Robinson, M. A., Sparrow, P. R., Clegg, C., & Birdi, K. (2005). Design engineering competencies: Future requirements and predicted changes in the forthcoming decade. Design Studies, 26(2), 123–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2004.09.004
^ American Society of Civil Engineers (2006) [1914]. Code of Ethics. Reston, Virginia, USA: ASCE Press. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
^ Institution of Civil Engineers (2009). Royal Charter, By-laws, Regulations and Rules. Retrieved 2011-06-11.
^ National Society of Professional Engineers (2007) [1964]. Code of Ethics. Alexandria, Virginia, USA: NSPE. Retrieved 2006-10-20.
^ [1]
^ [2] NCEES is a national nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing professional licensure for engineers and surveyors.
^ APEGBC - Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of BC
^ Ontario Society of Professional Engineers, 2002, Engineering: One of Ontario's most respected professions
^ The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering, p119 (see also p242), Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2nd ed. 1995, pub. Addison-Wesley

External links

Look up engineer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Engineers.

Engineers’ competencies
Engineers’ information behaviours
Engineers’ How Engineers influence our life
How engineers spend their time
A Presentation on YouTube that explains in simple terms what engineers do, and what engineers don't do (contrasted to scientists and artists)

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「operate」「操作」「manipulate」「operation」「design」
拡張検索	「genetically engineered」「human engineering」「environmental engineering」
関連記事	「engineering」「engine」

「operate」

Engineer
	Conference of Engineers at the Menai Straits Preparatory to Floating one of the Tubes of the Britannia Bridge, by John Seymour Lucas, 1868
Occupation
Names	Engineer
Occupation type	Profession
Activity sectors	Applied science
Description
Competencies	Mathematics, scientific knowledge, management skills
Education required	Engineering education
Related jobs	Scientist, architect, project manager

　　[★]

v.

手術する、操作する、操縦する、運用する、作動する、機能する

関: action、drive、engineer、function、functional、functionalise、functionalize、manipulate、manipulation、operating、operation、steering、surgery

「操作」

　　[★]

英: operation、manipulation、operate、engineer、manipulate
関: 機能、作動、手術、処置、設計、マニピュレーション、マニピュレート、技師、エンジニア、オペ、運用、操縦、施行、用手操作

-manipulation

「manipulate」

　　[★]

v.

操作する、操縦する、処置する、マニピュレートする

関: drive、engineer、intervention、manipulation、measure、operate、operation、steering、transaction、treat、treatment

「operation」

　　[★]

n.

手術、オペ、操作、作動、施行、運用

関: action、enforce、enforcement、engineer、manipulate、manipulation、operate、operating、surgery

「design」

　　[★]

デザイン、計画、設計、ザインする

関: engineer、enterprise、plan、planning、program、programme、project、schema、scheme

「genetically engineered」

　　[★]

遺伝子改変の

関: genetically altered、genetically modified

「human engineering」

　　[★]

人間工学、生体工学

関: bionics

「environmental engineering」

　　[★]

環境工学、環境技術

「engineering」

　　[★]

工学、エンジニアリング

「engine」

　　[★]

エンジン

[bls-1] Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor (2006). "Engineers". Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006-07 Edition. Retrieved 2006-09-21.

[nspe-2] National Society of Professional Engineers (2006). "Frequently Asked Questions About Engineering". Archived from the original on 2006-05-22. Retrieved 2006-09-21. Science is knowledge based on observed facts and tested truths arranged in an orderly system that can be validated and communicated to other people. Engineering is the creative application of scientific principles used to plan, build, direct, guide, manage, or work on systems to maintain and improve our daily lives.

[3] Oxford Concise Dictionary, 1995

[4] "engineer". Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford Dictionaries. April 2010. Oxford University Press. 22 October 2011

[5] A.Eide, R.Jenison, L.Mashaw, L.Northup. Engineering: Fundamentals and Problem Solving. New York City: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.,2002

[Robinson_.282010.29_JASIST-6] Robinson, M. A. (2010). An empirical analysis of engineers’ information behaviors. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 61(4), 640–658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/asi.21290

[7] Baecher, G.B., Pate, E.M., and de Neufville, R. (1979) “Risk of dam failure in benefit/cost analysis”, Water Resources Research, 16(3), 449–456.

[8] Hartford, D.N.D. and Baecher, G.B. (2004) Risk and Uncertainty in Dam Safety. Thomas Telford

[9] International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) (2003) Risk Assessment in Dam Safety Management. ICOLD, Paris

[10] British Standards Institution (BSIA) (1991)BC 5760 Part 5: Reliability of systems equipment and components - Guide to failure modes effects and criticality analysis (FMEA and FMECA).

[Robinson_.282012.29_DS-11] Robinson, M. A. (2012). How design engineers spend their time: Job content and task satisfaction. Design Studies, 33(4), 391–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2012.03.002

[12] Robinson, M. A., Sparrow, P. R., Clegg, C., & Birdi, K. (2005). Design engineering competencies: Future requirements and predicted changes in the forthcoming decade. Design Studies, 26(2), 123–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.destud.2004.09.004

[13] American Society of Civil Engineers (2006) [1914]. Code of Ethics. Reston, Virginia, USA: ASCE Press. Retrieved 2011-06-11.

[14] Institution of Civil Engineers (2009). Royal Charter, By-laws, Regulations and Rules. Retrieved 2011-06-11.

[15] National Society of Professional Engineers (2007) [1964]. Code of Ethics. Alexandria, Virginia, USA: NSPE. Retrieved 2006-10-20.

[16] [1]

[17] [2] NCEES is a national nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing professional licensure for engineers and surveyors.

[18] APEGBC - Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of BC

[19] Ontario Society of Professional Engineers, 2002, Engineering: One of Ontario's most respected professions

[20] The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering, p119 (see also p242), Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2nd ed. 1995, pub. Addison-Wesley

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