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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/11/07 18:24:47」(JST)

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Opisthotonus or opisthotonos, from Greek roots, opistho meaning "behind" and tonos meaning "tension", is a state of a severe hyperextension and spasticity in which an individual's head, neck and spinal column enter into a complete "bridging" or "arching" position.^[1] This abnormal posturing is an extrapyramidal effect and is caused by spasm of the axial muscles along the spinal column.

Causes

It is seen in some cases of severe cerebral palsy and traumatic brain injury or as a result of the severe muscular spasms associated with tetanus.

Opisthotonus can be produced experimentally in animals by transection of the midbrain (between the superior colliculus and the inferior colliculus), which results in severing all the corticoreticular fibers. Hyperextension occurs due to facilitation of the anterior reticulospinal tract caused by the inactivation of inhibitory corticoreticular fibers, which normally act upon the pons reticular formation. It has been shown to occur naturally only in birds and placental mammals.

Opisthotonus is more pronounced in infants. Opisthotonus in the neonate may be a symptom of meningitis, tetanus, severe kernicterus, or the rare Maple Syrup Urine Disease. This marked extensor tone can cause infants to "rear backwards" and stiffen out as the mother or nurse attempts to hold or feed them. Opisthotonus can be induced by any attempt at movement such as smiling, feeding, vocalization, or by seizure activity. A similar tonic posturing may be seen in Sandifer syndrome. Individuals with opisthotonus are quite challenging to position, especially in wheelchairs and car seats.

Opisthotonus can sometimes be seen in lithium intoxication. It is a rare extrapyramidal side effect of phenothiazines, haloperidol, and metoclopramide.

Opisthotonus with the presence of the risus sardonicus is also a symptom of strychnine poisoning.

Opisthotonus is also described as a potential CNS symptom of heat stroke along with bizarre behavior, hallucinations, decerebrate rigidity, oculogyric crisis and cerebellar dysfunction.

Opisthotonus is seen with drowning victims - called the "Opisthotonic Death Pose". This pose is also common in complete dinosaur skeletal fossils and it has been suggested that this is due to the animal drowning or being immersed in water soon after death.^[2]

References

^ "The Berkeley Science Review". http://sciencereview.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/features03_fossils_small.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-08.
^ http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21207-watery-secret-of-the-dinosaur-death-pose.html

External links

Opisthotonus at GPnotebook

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 遅発性ジスキネジア：臨床的特徴および診断 tardive dyskinesia clinical features and diagnosis
2. 新生児の神経学的検査 neurologic examination of the newborn
3. 破傷風 tetanus
4. 幼児および小児における精密な神経学的評価 detailed neurologic assessment of infants and children
5. ゴーシェ病：病因、臨床症状、および診断 gaucher disease pathogenesis clinical manifestations and diagnosis

English Journal

Intrathecal Baclofen Pump Implantation in Prone Position for a Cerebral Palsy Patient With Severe Scoliosis: A Case Report.

Arishima H1, Kikuta KI.
Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society.Neuromodulation.2014 Jun 19. doi: 10.1111/ner.12203. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) pump implantation for cerebral palsy (CP) patients is usually performed in the lateral position; however, it might be difficult for some patients with severe deformity to take a lateral position during surgery.METHOD: We report a case of ITB pump
PMID 24945783

Acute dysphagia in an octogenarian: an unusual case of tetanus.

Giordano M1, Ciarambino T2, Di Bella O2, Finelli A2, Ferrara N3, Paolisso G2.
The American journal of emergency medicine.Am J Emerg Med.2014 Jun;32(6):691.e1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.12.020. Epub 2013 Dec 12.
Tetanus is a major worldwide health problem, and its global incidence has been estimated to be approximately 1 million cases per year. In particular, tetanus is more frequent in the elderly as compared with adults. We report a case of an octogenarian who presented with dysphagia and tremors as the o
PMID 24468126

Neonatal eating epilepsy: 50-year follow-up.

Sillanpää M1, Schmidt D2.
Seizure : the journal of the British Epilepsy Association.Seizure.2014 Jun;23(6):487-9. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2014.03.009. Epub 2014 Mar 21.
PURPOSE: We present a case of neonatal eating epilepsy.METHOD: Case report.RESULTS: An otherwise healthy female newborn started having epileptic seizures lasting up to 5 minutes induced by breastfeeding at age of 2 weeks. The convulsive seizure started with crying and coughing followed by opisthoton
PMID 24726506

Japanese Journal

Occurrence of Cerebrocortical Necrosis in A Goat in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan

MATAYOSHI Masanao,TSUHA Osamu,SHIMOJI Shusaku [他],ARAKI Miho,UCHIHARA Tsutomu,ARAKAKI Tomotaka,OZAWA Tomomi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74(9), 1199-1201, 2012
… A 6-month-old male Nubian goat suddenly showed dullness, tachypnea, recumbency and opisthotonus in August 2011 in Okinawa, Japan. …
NAID 130001879748

A Mutation in the IL-2 Receptor γ Chain Gene Associated with X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Accompanying Opisthotonus

KASHIWAGI Yasuyo,KAWASHIMA Hisashi,KATO Naoki,TAKEKUMA Kouji,HOSHIKA Akinori,KUMAKI Satoru
Tohoku journal of experimental medicine 218(1), 1-3, 2009-05-01
NAID 10025105809

Effects of Yokukansan, a Traditional Japanese Medicine, on Memory Disturbance and Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia in Thiamine-Deficient Rats

Ikarashi Yasushi,Iizuka Seiichi,Imamura Sachiko [他],Yamaguchi Takuji,Sekiguchi Kyoji,Kanno Hitomi,Kawakami Zenji,Yuzurihara Mitsutoshi,Kase Yoshio,Takeda Shuichi
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 32(10), 1701-1709, 2009
… Daily oral administration of TJ-54 (0.5, 1.0 g/kg) ameliorated the memory disturbance, anxiety-like behavior, the increase in aggressive behaviors, the decrease in social behaviors, and several neurological symptoms including opisthotonus observed in TD rats, in a dose-dependent manner. …
NAID 130000116930

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「後弓反張」「tonic seizure」「強直性発作」「反弓緊張」「opistho」

「後弓反張」

Opisthotonus
	Classification and external resources
	; Opisthotonus in a patient suffering from tetanus. Painting by Sir Charles Bell, 1809.
ICD-9	781.0
DiseasesDB	31293
MedlinePlus	003195

　　[★]

英: opisthotonus
同: 弓なり緊張、反弓緊張
関

髄膜刺激症状：重症髄膜炎、脳炎、クモ膜下出血、キアリ奇形2型(小脳扁桃、小脳虫部、脳幹(延髄)、第四脳室が下垂。水頭症、脊髄髄膜瘤)
破傷風
てんかん
ヒステリー
軟骨無形成症

参考

1. 写真

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Opisthotonus_in_a_patient_suffering_from_tetanus_-_Painting_by_Sir_Charles_Bell_-_1809.jpg

http://www.itg.be/itg/distancelearning/lecturenotesvandenendene/imagehtml/images/prevs/CD_1056_038c.jpg

http://www.anesthesia2000.com/Central/sedhyp/opis1.jpg

<youtube>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4puq8dqvJ8</youtube>

「tonic seizure」

　　[★]

強直性発作、強直発作、強直性痙攣、強直性けいれん

関: clonic seizure、convulsion、convulsive seizure、focal seizure、generalized seizure、Jacksonian seizure、motor seizure、opisthotonos、opisthotonus、seizure、sensory seizure、somatosensory seizure、tonic convulsion、tonic-clonic seizure

「強直性発作」

　　[★]

英: tonic seizure、opisthotonos、opisthotonus
関: 強直性痙攣、後・反張、反・緊張、強直性けいれん、強直発作、・なり緊張

「反弓緊張」

　　[★]

英: opisthotonus、opisthotonos
関: 強直性発作、後弓反張、弓なり緊張

「opistho」

　　[★]

comb. form.

～を背側につけた、後部の

ex.

opisthotonus 後弓反張

[urlThe_Berkeley_Science_Review:_Articles-1] "The Berkeley Science Review". http://sciencereview.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/features03_fossils_small.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-08.

[2] ttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21207-watery-secret-of-the-dinosaur-death-pose.html

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案内

案内

opisthotonus