WordNet

primarily temporal sense; being or indicating a relatively great or greater than average duration or passage of time or a duration as specified; "a long life"; "a long boring speech"; "a long time"; "a long friendship"; "a long game"; "long ago"; "an hour long"
(of speech sounds or syllables) of relatively long duration; "the English vowel sounds in `bate, `beat, `bite, `boat, `boot are long"
for an extended distance
for an extended time or at a distant time; "a promotion long overdue"; "something long hoped for"; "his name has long been forgotten"; "talked all night long"; "how long will you be gone?"; "arrived long before he was expected"; "it is long after your bedtime"
having or being more than normal or necessary:"long on brains"; "in long supply"
holding securities or commodities in expectation of a rise in prices; "is long on coffee"; "a long position in gold"
involving substantial risk; "long odds"
of relatively great height; "a race of long gaunt men"- Sherwood Anderson; "looked out the long French windows"
primarily spatial sense; of relatively great or greater than average spatial extension or extension as specified; "a long road"; "a long distance"; "contained many long words"; "ten miles long"
relating to or occurring in a term or fixed period of time; "terminal examinations"; "terminal payments"
a contact on an electrical device (such as a battery) at which electric current enters or leaves (同)pole
station where transport vehicles load or unload passengers or goods (同)terminus, depot
electronic equipment consisting of a device providing access to a computer; has a keyboard and display
being or situated at an end; "the endmost pillar"; "terminal buds on a branch"; "a terminal station"; "the terminal syllable"
causing or ending in or approaching death; "a terminal patient"; "terminal cancer"
of or relating to or situated at the ends of a delivery route; "freight pickup is a terminal service"; "terminal charges"
do over; "They would like to take it over again" (同)take_over
an event that repeats; "the events today were a repeat of yesterdays" (同)repetition
to say again or imitate; "followers echoing the cries of their leaders" (同)echo
to say, state, or perform again; "She kept reiterating her request" (同)reiterate, ingeminate, iterate, restate, retell
prolonged unfulfilled desire or need (同)yearning, hungriness

PrepTutorEJDIC

(距離・物の長さが)『長い』 / (時間が)『長い』,長く続く / 《時間・距離などを表離などを表す語を伴って》長さが…の / 『長々しい』,あきあきする / (数量が標準よりも)『多い』,長い / (人が)やせてひょろ長い / 長く,長い間,久しく / …じゅう / ずっと(前に,後に) / 長い間
『熱望する』
『終りの』,末端の / 毎期の,定期の;学期末の / 『死に至る』, / 末端 / (電池の)端子 / (町の中心に近い)空港バス発着場;(一般に,鉄道・バスの)終点,終着駅
〈自分がすでに一度言ったこと)‘を'『繰り返して言う』 / 〈他人の言ったこと〉‘を'おうむ返しに言う;…‘を'他の人に繰り返して言う / …‘を'『暗記して言う』,暗唱する / …‘を'繰り返して行う(do again) / (食べたあとで)〈食物の〉味が残る / 〈小数が〉循環する / 繰り返すこと,反復すること / 繰り返されるもの,(公演の)再演;(番組の)再放送 / 反復楽節;反復記号(∥: :∥)
『あこがれ』,熱望 / (目の表情などが)あこがれの,熱望している
繰り返して言われる(行われる)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/15 19:25:25」(JST)

wiki en

Long terminal repeats (LTRs) are identical sequences of DNA that repeat hundreds or thousands of times found at either end of retrotransposons or proviral DNA formed by reverse transcription of retroviral RNA. They are used by viruses to insert their genetic material into the host genomes.

The HIV-1 LTR is approximately 640 bp in length and, like other retroviral LTRs, is segmented into the U3, R, and U5 regions. U3 and U5 has been further subdivided according to transcription factor sites and their impact on LTR activity and viral gene expression. The multi-step process of reverse transcription results in the placement of two identical LTRs, each consisting of a U3, R, and U5 region, at either end of the proviral DNA. The ends of the LTRs subsequently participate in integration of the provirus into the host genome. Once the provirus has been integrated, the LTR on the 5′ end serves as the promoter for the entire retroviral genome, while the LTR at the 3′ end provides for nascent viral RNA polyadenylation and, in HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV, encodes the accessory protein, Nef. [1].

All of the required signals for gene expression are found in the LTRs: Enhancer, promoter (can have both transcriptional enhancers or regulatory elements), transcription initiation (such as capping), transcription terminator and polyadenylation signal. [2]^[1]

In HIV-1, the U5 region has been characterized according to functional and structural differences into several sub-regions as follows:

• TAR or trans-acting responsive element, plays a critical role in transcriptional activation via its interaction with viral proteins. It forms an highly stable stem-loop structure consisting of 26 base pairs wit a bulge secondary structure that interfaces with the viral transcription activator protein Tat. [3]^[2]

• Poly A play roles both in dimerization and genome packaging since it is necessary for cleavage and polyadenilation. It has been reported that sequences upstream (U3 region) and downstream (U5 region) are needed in order to make the cleavage process efficient. [4]^[3]

• PBS or primer binding site, of 18 nucleotides long, it has a specific sequence that bind to tRNALys and are requirements for initiation of reverse transcription. [5]^[4]

• Psi (Ψ) or the packaging signal is a unique motif that is associated with this process, although is not sufficient to specify for packaging. It is composed of four stem-loop (SL) structures with a major splicing donor site embedded in the second SL. [6]^[5]

• DIS or dimer initiation site that mediates RNA-RNA interactions. Is a highly conserved stem-loop sequence found in many retroviruses and is characterized by a conserved stem and palindromic loop, when homodimerized, forms a “kissing-loop” complex. [7]^[6]

The transcript begins, by definition, at the beginning of R, is capped, and proceeds through U5 and the rest of the provirus, usually terminating by the addition of a poly A tract just after the R sequence in the 3' LTR.

The finding that both HIV LTRs can function as transcriptional promoters is not surprising since both elements are apparently identical in nucleotide sequence. Instead, the 3' LTR acts in transcription termination and polyadenylation. However, it has been suggested that the transcriptional activity of the 5'LTR is far greater than that of the 3' LTR, a situation that is very similar to that of other retroviruses. [8]^[7]

During transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 provirus, polyadenylation signals present in the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) are disregarded while the identical polyadenylation signals present in the 3'LTR are utilized efficiently. It has been suggested that transcribed sequences present within the HIV-1 LTR U3 region act in cis to enhance polyadenylation within the 3' LTR. [9]^[8]

Transcription[edit source | edit]

The LTRs are partially transcribed into an RNA intermediate, followed by reverse transcription into complementary DNA (cDNA) and ultimately dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) with full LTRs. The LTRs then mediate integration of the retroviral DNA via an LTR specific integrase into another region of the host chromosome. The first LTR sequences were derived by A.P. Czernilofsky and J. Shine in 1977 and 1980.^[9]^[10]

Retroviruses such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) use this basic mechanism.

Dating retroviral insertions using LTRs[edit source | edit]

As 5' and 3' LTRs are identical upon insertion, the difference between paired LTRs can be used to estimate the age of ancient retroviral insertions. This method of dating is used by paleovirologists, though it fails to take into account confounding factors such as gene-conversion and homologous recombination.

External links[edit source | edit]

Long Terminal Repeat at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

References[edit source | edit]

^ Klaver, B; Berkhout, B (1994 Jun). "Comparison of 5' and 3' long terminal repeat promoter function in human immunodeficiency virus.". Journal of virology 68 (6): 3830–40. PMID 8189520.
^ Wu, Yuntao. Retrovirology 1 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-1-13.
^ Valsamakis; Schek, and Alwine (September 1992). "Elements upstream of the AAUAAA within the human immunodeficiency virus polyadenylation signal are required for efficient polyadenylation in vitro.". Mol Cell Biol: 3699–3705.
^ Goldschmidt, V; Rigourd, M; Ehresmann, C; Le Grice, SF; Ehresmann, B; Marquet, R (2002 Nov 8). "Direct and indirect contributions of RNA secondary structure elements to the initiation of HIV-1 reverse transcription.". The Journal of biological chemistry 277 (45): 43233–42. PMID 12194974.
^ Johnson, Silas F.; Telesnitsky, Alice; Madhani, Hiten D. (NaN undefined NaN). "Retroviral RNA Dimerization and Packaging: The What, How, When, Where, and Why". PLoS Pathogens 6 (10): e1001007. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001007.
^ Heng, Xiao; Kharytonchyk, Siarhei; Garcia, Eric L.; Lu, Kun; Divakaruni, Sai Sachin; LaCotti, Courtney; Edme, Kedy; Telesnitsky, Alice; Summers, Michael F. (NaN undefined NaN). "Identification of a Minimal Region of the HIV-1 5′-Leader Required for RNA Dimerization, NC Binding, and Packaging". Journal of Molecular Biology 417 (3): 224–239. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2012.01.033.
^ Klaver, B; Berkhout, B (1994 Jun). "Comparison of 5' and 3' long terminal repeat promoter function in human immunodeficiency virus.". Journal of virology 68 (6): 3830–40. PMID 8189520.
^ Brown; Tiley and Cullen (June 1991). "Efficient polyadenylation within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat requires flanking U3-specific sequences.". J Virol 65 (6).
^ Shine J, Czernilofsky AP, Friedrich R, Bishop JM, Goodman HM (April 1977). "Nucleotide sequence at the 5' terminus of the avian sarcoma virus genome". PNAS 74 (4): 1473–1477. PMC 430805. PMID 67601.
^ Czernilofsky AP, DeLorbe W, Swanstrom R, Varmus HE, Bishop JM, Tischer E, Goodman HM. (July 11 1980). "The nucleotide sequence of an untranslated but conserved domain at the 3′ end of the avian sarcoma virus genome". Nucleic Acids Research 8 (13): 2967–2984. doi:10.1093/nar/8.13.2967. PMC 324138. PMID 6253899.

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English Journal

Complete genome sequence and architecture of crucian carp Carassius auratus herpesvirus (CaHV).

Zeng XT1, Chen ZY1, Deng YS1, Gui JF1, Zhang QY2.
Archives of virology.Arch Virol.2016 Dec;161(12):3577-3581. Epub 2016 Sep 3.
Crucian carp Carassius auratus herpesvirus (CaHV) was isolated from diseased crucian carp with acute gill hemorrhages and high mortality. The CaHV genome was sequenced and analyzed. The data showed that it consists of 275,348 bp and contains 150 predicted ORFs. The architecture of the CaHV genome di
PMID 27591780

Protective efficacy of a recombinant bacterial artificial chromosome clone of a very virulent Marek's disease virus containing a reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat.

Mays JK1, Black-Pyrkosz A1, Spatz S2, Fadly AM1, Dunn JR1.
Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A.Avian Pathol.2016 Dec;45(6):657-666. Epub 2016 Oct 4.
Marek's disease virus (MDV), an alphaherpesvirus, causes Marek's disease (MD), a lymphoproliferative disease in poultry characterized by T-cell lymphomas, nerve lesions, and mortality. Vaccination is used worldwide to control MD, but increasingly virulent field strains can overcome this protection,
PMID 27258614

COA7 (C1orf163/RESA1) mutations associated with mitochondrial leukoencephalopathy and cytochrome c oxidase deficiency.

Martinez Lyons A1, Ardissone A2, Reyes A1, Robinson AJ1, Moroni I2, Ghezzi D3, Fernandez-Vizarra E1, Zeviani M1.
Journal of medical genetics.J Med Genet.2016 Dec;53(12):846-849. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104194. Epub 2016 Sep 28.
BACKGROUND: Assembly of cytochrome c oxidase (COX, complex IV, cIV), the terminal component of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, is assisted by several factors, most of which are conserved from yeast to humans. However, some of them, including COA7, are found in humans but not in yeast. COA7 is a
PMID 27683825

Japanese Journal

Origins of Albino and Hooded Rats: Implications from Molecular Genetic Analysis across Modern Laboratory Rat Strains

Kuramoto Takashi,Nakanishi Satoshi,Ochiai Masako,Nakagama Hitoshi,Voigt Birger,Serikawa Tadao
PLoS ONE 7(8), 2012-08-16
… A solitary long terminal repeat (LTR) was found at the same position to the ERV insertion in another allele of the H locus, which causes the so called Irish (hi) phenotype. …
NAID 120004622552

長鎖末端反復配列を利用したPCR法による清酒酵母の識別

福田央,周延,三上重明
日本醸造協会誌 = Journal of the Brewing Society of Japan 107(1), 57-67, 2012-01-15
NAID 10030301483

A novel y chromosome microdeletion with the loss of an endogenous retrovirus related, testis specific transcript in AZFb region

Sin Ho-Su,Koh Eitetsu,Taya Masaki,IIjima Masashi,Sugimoto Kazuhiro,Maeda Yuji,Yoshida Atsumi,Iwamoto Teruaki,Namiki Mikio
Journal of Urology 186(4), 1545-1552, 2011-10-00
… Homologous recombination between long terminal repeat of the TTY13 associated human endogenous retrovirus-K14C resulted in TTY13 deletion events. …
NAID 120003479728

Related Pictures

Non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons: mechanisms, recent developments Retrotransposon - Wikipedia Hiv Long Terminal Repeat; HIV Negative Regulatory Element; HIV Sp1-Binding Site; HIV SIN LTR, SIN hybrid long terminal repeat composed of HIV-1 and RSV | Download (PDF) Environmental Stress Activation of Plant LTR-Retrotransposons H2A and H2A.Z are selectively enriched with long terminal repeat (LTR) | Download Sandwalk: Retrotransposons/Endogenous Retroviruses Long terminal repeat retrotransposons jump between species | PNAS

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リンク元	「末端反復配列」「terminal repeat」
関連記事	「terminal」「repeat」「terminal repeat」「long」「repeated」

「末端反復配列」

　　[★]

英: long terminal repeat、terminal repeat sequence、LTR
同: 長末端反復
関: 末端反復、末端逆位配列　 inverted terminal repeat、δ因子　 delta element

[show details]

末端反復配列 : 約 5,820 件
長末端反復 : 39 件

参考

1.

http://www.stanford.edu/group/nolan/tutorials/retcl_3_ltrs.html

「terminal repeat」

　　[★]

末端反復

関: delta element、inverted terminal repeat、long terminal repeat、terminal repeat sequence

「terminal」

　　[★]

n.

末端、末端側、ターミナル

adj.

終端の、終末の、末期の

関: distal、end、end stage、ending、extremity、full-blown、terminal region、terminal stage、terminally、termini、terminus

「repeat」

　　[★]

n.

反復、リピート

v.

反復する、繰り返す

関: iteration、recursion、reiterate、reiteration、reiterative、repeatedly、repetition、repetitive、repetitively、replicate

「terminal repeat」

　　[★]

末端反復

関: delta element、inverted terminal repeat、long terminal repeat、terminal repeat sequence

「long」

　　[★]

長い、望む

関: desire、hope、lengthy、wish

「repeated」

　　[★]

adj.

頻回の

関: frequent

[1] Klaver, B; Berkhout, B (1994 Jun). "Comparison of 5' and 3' long terminal repeat promoter function in human immunodeficiency virus.". Journal of virology 68 (6): 3830–40. PMID 8189520.

[2] Wu, Yuntao. Retrovirology 1 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/1742-4690-1-13.

[3] Valsamakis; Schek, and Alwine (September 1992). "Elements upstream of the AAUAAA within the human immunodeficiency virus polyadenylation signal are required for efficient polyadenylation in vitro.". Mol Cell Biol: 3699–3705.

[4] Goldschmidt, V; Rigourd, M; Ehresmann, C; Le Grice, SF; Ehresmann, B; Marquet, R (2002 Nov 8). "Direct and indirect contributions of RNA secondary structure elements to the initiation of HIV-1 reverse transcription.". The Journal of biological chemistry 277 (45): 43233–42. PMID 12194974.

[5] Johnson, Silas F.; Telesnitsky, Alice; Madhani, Hiten D. (NaN undefined NaN). "Retroviral RNA Dimerization and Packaging: The What, How, When, Where, and Why". PLoS Pathogens 6 (10): e1001007. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001007.

[6] Heng, Xiao; Kharytonchyk, Siarhei; Garcia, Eric L.; Lu, Kun; Divakaruni, Sai Sachin; LaCotti, Courtney; Edme, Kedy; Telesnitsky, Alice; Summers, Michael F. (NaN undefined NaN). "Identification of a Minimal Region of the HIV-1 5′-Leader Required for RNA Dimerization, NC Binding, and Packaging". Journal of Molecular Biology 417 (3): 224–239. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2012.01.033.

[7] Klaver, B; Berkhout, B (1994 Jun). "Comparison of 5' and 3' long terminal repeat promoter function in human immunodeficiency virus.". Journal of virology 68 (6): 3830–40. PMID 8189520.

[8] Brown; Tiley and Cullen (June 1991). "Efficient polyadenylation within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat requires flanking U3-specific sequences.". J Virol 65 (6).

[Shine1977-9] Shine J, Czernilofsky AP, Friedrich R, Bishop JM, Goodman HM (April 1977). "Nucleotide sequence at the 5' terminus of the avian sarcoma virus genome". PNAS 74 (4): 1473–1477. PMC 430805. PMID 67601.

[Czernilofsky1980-10] Czernilofsky AP, DeLorbe W, Swanstrom R, Varmus HE, Bishop JM, Tischer E, Goodman HM. (July 11 1980). "The nucleotide sequence of an untranslated but conserved domain at the 3′ end of the avian sarcoma virus genome". Nucleic Acids Research 8 (13): 2967–2984. doi:10.1093/nar/8.13.2967. PMC 324138. PMID 6253899.

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案内

long terminal repeat

WordNet

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Wikipedia preview

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Contents

Transcription[edit source | edit]

Dating retroviral insertions using LTRs[edit source | edit]

See also[edit source | edit]

External links[edit source | edit]

References[edit source | edit]

UpToDate Contents

English Journal

Japanese Journal

Related Links

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

「末端反復配列」

参考

「terminal repeat」

「terminal」

「repeat」

「terminal repeat」

「long」

「repeated」