WordNet

equipment that makes life possible in otherwise deadly environmental conditions; "the astronauts relied on their life-support systems" (同)life_support
of or pertaining to equipment or methods used to sustain life
support materially or financially; "he does not support his natural children"; "The scholarship supported me when I was in college"
financial resources provided to make some project possible; "the foundation provided support for the experiment" (同)financial support, funding, backing, financial backing
the financial means whereby one lives; "each child was expected to pay for their keep"; "he applied to the state for support"; "he could no longer earn his own livelihood" (同)keep, livelihood, living, bread and butter, sustenance
a military operation (often involving new supplies of men and materiel) to strengthen a military force or aid in the performance of its mission; "they called for artillery support" (同)reinforcement, reenforcement
the act of bearing the weight of or strengthening; "he leaned against the wall for support" (同)supporting
aiding the cause or policy or interests of; "the president no longer has the support of his own party"; "they developed a scheme of mutual support"
any device that bears the weight of another thing; "there was no place to attach supports for a shelf"
supporting structure that holds up or provides a foundation; "the statue stood on a marble support"
the activity of providing for or maintaining by supplying with money or necessities; "his support kept the family together"; "they gave him emotional support during difficult times"
something providing immaterial assistance to a person or cause or interest; "the policy found little public support"; "his faith was all the support he needed"; "the team enjoyed the support of their fans"
give moral or psychological support, aid, or courage to; "She supported him during the illness"; "Her children always backed her up" (同)back_up
play a subordinate role to (another performer); "Olivier supported Gielgud beautifully in the second act"
the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death); "the battery had a short life"; "he lived a long and happy life" (同)lifetime, life-time, lifespan
a characteristic state or mode of living; "social life"; "city life"; "real life"
the course of existence of an individual; the actions and events that occur in living; "he hoped for a new life in Australia"; "he wanted to live his own life without interference from others"
the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones; "there is no life on the moon"
the period between birth and the present time; "I have known him all his life"
the period from the present until death; "he appointed himself emperor for life"
living things collectively; "the oceans are teeming with life"
the experience of being alive; the course of human events and activities; "he could no longer cope with the complexities of life" (同)living
a living person; "his heroism saved a life"
a motive for living; "pottery was his life"
sustained or maintained by aid (as distinct from physical support); "a club entirely supported by membership dues"; "well-supported allegations"
held up or having the weight borne especially from below; "supported joints in a railroad track have ties directly under the rail ends"
Chinese distance measure; approximately 0.5 kilometers

PrepTutorEJDIC

生命保持装置(宇宙船内で生命を維持するための装置)
…‘を'『支える』 / 〈家族など〉‘を'『養う』,扶養する / 〈人・主義など〉‘を'『支持する』,擁護する / (精神的に)〈人〉‘を'力づける;(金銭的に)〈人〉‘を'援助する / 〈見解など〉‘を'立証する,裏書きする / …‘に'耐える,がまんする / 〈U〉(…を)『支えること』,(…の)支持,援助《+of+名》 / 〈U〉(重さを支える)支柱,突っ張り / 〈C〉『扶養する人』;〈U〉生活費 / 〈U〉(精神的)支え,(経済的)援助
〈U〉(無生物と区別して,生物が持っている)『生命』,命 / 〈U〉《集合的に》『生物』,生き物 / 〈U〉(死後の)霊,霊的存在 / 〈C〉人間(person) / 〈U〉『一生』,生涯 / 〈C〉『寿命』,活動(有効,耐久)期間 / 〈U〉『人生』,現世,世間 / 〈C〉〈U〉『生活』,暮らし,生き方,暮らし方 / 〈C〉『伝記』(biography) / 〈U〉『生気』,活気,元気(vitality)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/18 18:11:31」(JST)

wiki en

Life support refers to the emergency treatments and techniques performed in an emergency situation in order to support life after the failure of one or more vital organs. Healthcare providers and emergency medical technicians are generally certified to perform basic and advanced life support procedures; however, basic life support is sometimes provided at the scene of an emergency by family members or bystanders before emergency services arrive. In the case of cardiac injuries, cardiopulmonary resuscitation is initiated by bystanders or family members 25% of the time. Basic life support techniques such as performing CPR on a victim of cardiac arrest can double or even triple that patients chance of survival.^[1] Other types of basic life support include relief from choking, staunching of bleeding, first aid, and the use of an automated external defibrillator.

The purpose of basic life support, abbreviated BLS, is to save lives in a variety of different situations that require immediate attention. These situations can include, but are not limited to cardiac arrest, stroke, drowning, choking, accidental injuries, violence, severe allergic reactions, burns, hypothermia, birth complications, drug overdose and alcohol intoxication. The most common emergency that requires BLS is cerebral hypoxia, a shortage of oxygen to the brain due to heart or respiratory failure. A victim of cerebral hypoxia may die within 8–10 minutes without basic life support procedures. BLS is the lowest level of emergency care, followed by advanced life support and critical care.^[2]

Bioethics[edit]

Technology continues to advance within the medical field, so do the options available for healthcare. Out of respect for the patient's autonomy, patients and their families are able to make their own decisions about life sustaining treatment or whether to hasten death.^[3] When patients and their families are forced to make decisions concerning life support as a form of end of life or emergency treatment, ethical dilemmas often arise. When a patient is terminally ill or seriously injured, medical interventions can save or prolong the life of the patient. Because such treatment is available, families are often faced with the moral question of whether or not to treat the patient. Between 60 to 70% of seriously ill patients will not be able to decide for themselves whether or not they want to limit treatments, including life support measures. This leaves these difficult decisions up to loved ones and family members.

Patients and family members who wish to limit the treatment provided to the patient may complete a do not resuscitate (DNR) or do not intubate (DNI) order with their doctor. These orders state that the patient does not wish to receive these forms of life support. Generally, DNRs and DNIs are justified for patients who might not benefit from CPR, who would result in permanent damage from CPR or patients who have a poor quality of life prior to CPR or Intubation and do not wish to prolong the dying process.

Another type of life support that presents ethical arguments is the placement of a feeding tube. Decisions about hydration and nutrition are generally the most ethically challenging when it comes to end of life care. In 1990, The United States Supreme Court ruled that Artificial nutrition and hydration are not different from other life supporting treatments. Because of this, artificial nutrition and hydration can be refused by a patient or their families. A person can not live without food and water, and because of this is it has been argued that withholding food and water is similar to the act of killing the patient or even allowing the person to die.^[4] This type of voluntary death is referred to as Passive euthanasia.^[5]

Techniques[edit]

There are many therapies and techniques that may be used by clinicians to achieve the goal of sustaining life. Some examples include:

Feeding tube
Total parenteral nutrition
Mechanical ventilation
Heart/Lung bypass
Urinary catheterization
Dialysis
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Defibrillation
Artificial pacemaker
Life extension
Life support system for human spaceflight.^[6]

These techniques are applied most commonly in the Emergency Department, Intensive Care Unit and, Operating Rooms. As various life support technologies have improved and evolved they are used increasingly outside of the hospital environment. For example a patient who requires a ventilator for survival are commonly discharged home with these devices. Another example includes the now ubiquitous presence of Automated external defibrillator in public venues which allow lay people to deliver life support in a prehospital environment.

The ultimate goals of life support depend on the specific patient situation. Typically life support is used to sustain life while the underlying injury or illness is being treated or evaluated for prognosis. Life support techniques may also be used indefinitely if the underlying medical condition cannot be corrected but a reasonable quality of life can still be expected.

References[edit]

^ What is CPR [Internet]. 2013. American heart association; [cited 2013 Nov 5] .Available from: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/CPRAndECC/WhatisCPR/What-is-CPR_UCM_001120_SubHomePage.jsp
^ Alic M. 2013. Basic life support (BLS) [Internet]. 3rd. Detroit (MI):Gale ; [2013, cited 2013 Nov 5] Available from: http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2760400129&v=2.1&u=csumb_main&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=40d96ff26746d55939f14dbf57297410
^ Beauchamp, Tom L., LeRoy Walters, Jefferey P. Kahn, and Anna C. Mastroianni. "Death and Dying." Contemporary Issues in Bioethics. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning, 2008. 397. Web. 9 Nov. 2013.
^ Abbot-Penny A, Bartels P, Paul B, Rawles L, Ward A [2005]. End of Life Care: An Ethical Overview. Ethical Challenges in End of Life Care. [Internet]. [cited 2013 Nov 6]. Available from: www.ahc.umn.edu/img/assets/26104/End_of_Life.pdf life support bioethics
^ Beauchamp, Tom L., LeRoy Walters, Jefferey P. Kahn, and Anna C. Mastroianni. "Death and Dying." Contemporary Issues in Bioethics. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning, 2008. 402. Web. 9 Nov. 2013.
^ "International Space Station Environmental Control and Life Support System" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved 11 December 2010.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. Pediatric advanced life support (PALS)
2. 成人における二次救命処置（ACLS） advanced cardiac life support acls in adults
3. Pediatric basic life support for healthcare providers
4. 成人における一次救命処置 basic life support bls in adults
5. 一次・二次救命処置における効果のはっきりしていない治療 therapies of uncertain benefit in basic and advanced cardiac life support

English Journal

Concepts from paediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for adult intensivists.

Butt W1,2,3, MacLaren G4,5,6.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0121-0. Epub 2016 Mar 3.
Over the last 5 years, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in adult patients with severe respiratory or cardiac failure. This contrasts to the use of the technology in neonatal and paediatric intensive care units, where it has been regarded as
PMID 26940318

Factors associated with initiation of medical advanced cardiac life support after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

Orban JC1, Giolito D2, Tosi J3, Le Duff F4, Boissier N5, Mamino C6, Molinatti E7, Ung TS8, Kabsy Y9, Fraimout N10, Contenti J11, Levraut J12.
Annals of intensive care.Ann Intensive Care.2016 Dec;6(1):12. doi: 10.1186/s13613-016-0115-y. Epub 2016 Feb 11.
BACKGROUND: Termination of resuscitation rule permits to stop futile resuscitative efforts by paramedics. In a different setting, the decision to withhold resuscitation by emergency physician could be based on different factors. We aimed to identify the factors associated with the initiation of a me
PMID 26868502

Biological rhythms are independently associated with quality of life in bipolar disorder.

Cudney LE1,2, Frey BN3,4,5, Streiner DL6,7, Minuzzi L1,2,6, Sassi RB1,6.
International journal of bipolar disorders.Int J Bipolar Disord.2016 Dec;4(1):9. doi: 10.1186/s40345-016-0050-8. Epub 2016 Mar 16.
BACKGROUND: Evidence suggests that patients with bipolar disorder (BD) experience biological rhythm disturbances; however, no studies have examined the impact of this disruption on quality of life (QOL). The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of biological rhythm, depressive symptoms,
PMID 26980087