WordNet

work hard; "She was digging away at her math homework"; "Lexicographers drudge all day long" (同)labour, toil, fag, travail, grind, drudge, dig, moil
undergo the efforts of childbirth (同)labour
productive work (especially physical work done for wages); "his labor did not require a great deal of skill" (同)labour, toil
a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages; "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" (同)labour, working_class, proletariat
passing or able to pass air in and out of the lungs normally; sometimes used in combination; "the boy was disappointed to find only skeletons instead of living breathing dinosaurs"; "the heavy-breathing person on the telephone" (同)eupneic, eupnoeic
the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation; the process of taking in oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide by exhalation (同)external_respiration, respiration, ventilation
lacking natural ease; "a labored style of debating" (同)laboured, strained

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉呼吸;一息 / 〈C〉一呼吸の間,瞬時 / 〈C〉休息,休止

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/01 21:40:22」(JST)

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Labored respiration or labored breathing is an abnormal respiration characterized by evidence of increased effort to breathe, including the use of accessory muscles of respiration, stridor, grunting, or nasal flaring.^[1]

Classification[edit]

Labored breathing is distinguished from shortness of breath or dyspnea, which is the sensation of respiratory distress rather than a physical presentation.

Still, many^[2] simply define dyspnea as difficulty in breathing without further specification, which may confuse it with e.g. labored breathing or tachypnea (rapid breathing).^[3] Labored breathing has occasionally been included in the definition of dyspnea as well.^[4] However, in the standard definition, these related signs may be present at the same time, but don't necessarily have to be. For instance, in respiratory arrest by a primary failure in respiratory muscles the patient, if conscious, may experience dyspnea, yet without having any labored breathing or tachypnea. The other way around, labored breathing or tachypnea can voluntarily be performed even when there is no dyspnea.

Presentations[edit]

Intercostal recessions on a newborn baby, a common sign of respiratory distress.^[5]

Presentations of labored respiration include:

Hyperpnea - faster and/or deeper breathing
Tachypnea - increased breathing rate
Retractions or recessions - sucking in of the skin, around the ribs^[5] and the top of the sternum^[6]
Use of accessory muscles of respiration rather than only the diaphragm

Causes[edit]

Causes of labored breathing include:

Severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also renal failure. The specific associated breathing pattern is called Kussmaul breathing.
Cardiac disease^[7]
Respiratory failure^[7]

References[edit]

^ TheFreeDictionary > labored breathing Retrieved on Dec 12, 2009
^ TheFreeDictionary, retrieved on Dec 12, 2009. Citing:
- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009.
- Ologies & -Isms. The Gale Group 2008
^ West JB (2008). Pulmonary pathophysiology: the essentials (7 ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 45.
^ Definition of Dyspnea MedicineNet. Last Editorial Review: 11/1/1998]
^ ^a ^b Levene, Malcolm I.; David Ian Tudehope,Michael John Thearle (2000). Essentials of neonatal medicine. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 28. ISBN 0-632-05163-9.
^ UpToDate >Patient information: Croup in infants and children Charles R Woods, MD, MS. Last literature review version 17.3: September 2009
^ ^a ^b Medilexicon Medical Dictionary - 'Labored Respiration' Retrieved on Dec 12, 2009

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 正常分娩および遷延分娩、分娩停止 overview of normal labor and protraction and arrest disorders
2. 陣痛のマネージメントに対する非薬理学的アプローチ nonpharmacological approaches to management of labor pain
3. 早期分娩および早期産の概要 overview of preterm labor and birth
4. 陣痛および出産への備え preparation for labor and childbirth
5. 正常な陣痛および分娩のマネージメント management of normal labor and delivery

English Journal

Outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes in an urban poultry flock.

Crespo R, Garner MM, Hopkins SG, Shah DH.AbstractBACKGROUND: Listeria monocytogenes infection is most commonly recognized in ruminants, including cattle, sheep, and goats; but it is rarely diagnosed in poultry. This report describes an outbreak of L. monocytogenes in a backyard poultry flock. Also, it points out the importance of collaboration between veterinarians and public health departments and the possible implications of zoonotic diseases.
BMC veterinary research.BMC Vet Res.2013 Oct 11;9(1):204. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Listeria monocytogenes infection is most commonly recognized in ruminants, including cattle, sheep, and goats; but it is rarely diagnosed in poultry. This report describes an outbreak of L. monocytogenes in a backyard poultry flock. Also, it points out the importance of collaboration bet
PMID 24119838

Work of breathing indices in infants with respiratory insufficiency receiving high-flow nasal cannula and nasal continuous positive airway pressure.

de Jongh BE, Locke R, Mackley A, Emberger J, Bostick D, Stefano J, Rodriguez E, Shaffer TH.Source1] Department of Neonatology, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association.J Perinatol.2013 Sep 26. doi: 10.1038/jp.2013.120. [Epub ahead of print]
Objective:To compare work of breathing (WOB) indices between two nCPAP settings and two levels of HFNC in a crossover study.Study Design:Infants with a CGA 28-40 weeks, baseline of HFNC 3-5 lpm or nCPAP 5-6 cmH2O and fraction of inspired oxygen 40% were eligible. WOB was analyzed using respir
PMID 24071905

Intranasal fentanyl in the palliative care of newborns and infants.

Harlos MS, Stenekes S, Lambert D, Hohl C, Chochinov HM.SourcePalliative Medicine Section, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. mike@harlos.net
Journal of pain and symptom management.J Pain Symptom Manage.2013 Aug;46(2):265-74. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.07.009. Epub 2012 Sep 25.
CONTEXT: Perinatal palliative care is an area of increasing focus among clinicians supporting newborns and their families. Although not every newborn will survive the neonatal period, assuring their comfort and quality of life remains an imperative for their care providers. It can be challenging to
PMID 23017621

Japanese Journal

努力性呼吸運動による内腹斜筋の活性化と全身反応時間の短縮効果

宮？大地,田鍋拓也,空閑雄治 [他]
理学療法科学 27(5), 525-527, 2012-10-00
NAID 40019484008

Gastrectomy Performed with Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation for a Patient with Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Report of a Case

Watanabe Mami,Kanda Tatsuo,Maruyama Satoshi,Ikeda Yoshiyuki,Endo Keiichi,Susa Ritsuko,Hatakeyama Katsuyoshi,神田達夫
Surgery Today 35(8), 696-699, 2005-08-00
… The patient required supplemental oxygen via nasal cannulae even at rest, and had labored breathing through pursed lips after a short conversation. …
NAID 120005323851