WordNet

work hard; "She was digging away at her math homework"; "Lexicographers drudge all day long" (同)labour, toil, fag, travail, grind, drudge, dig, moil
undergo the efforts of childbirth (同)labour
productive work (especially physical work done for wages); "his labor did not require a great deal of skill" (同)labour, toil
a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages; "there is a shortage of skilled labor in this field" (同)labour, working_class, proletariat
the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs (同)internal_respiration, cellular_respiration
a single complete act of breathing in and out; "thirty respirations per minute"
lacking natural ease; "a labored style of debating" (同)laboured, strained

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉呼吸すること(breathing)〈C〉一呼吸,一息 / 〈U〉(生物の)呼吸作用

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/12/31 20:44:23」(JST)

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Labored respiration or labored breathing is an abnormal respiration characterized by evidence of increased effort to breathe, including the use of accessory muscles of respiration, stridor, grunting, or nasal flaring.^[1]

Classification

Labored breathing is distinguished from shortness of breath or dyspnea, which is the sensation of respiratory distress rather than a physical presentation.

Still, many^[2] simply define dyspnea as difficulty in breathing without further specification, which may confuse it with e.g. labored breathing or tachypnea (rapid breathing).^[3] Labored breathing has occasionally been included in the definition of dyspnea as well.^[4] However, in the standard definition, these related signs may be present at the same time, but don't necessarily have to be. For instance, in respiratory arrest by a primary failure in respiratory muscles the patient, if conscious, may experience dyspnea, yet without having any labored breathing or tachypnea. The other way around, labored breathing or tachypnea can voluntarily be performed even when there is no dyspnea.

Presentations

Intercostal recessions on a newborn baby, a common sign of respiratory distress.^[5]

Presentations of labored respiration include:

Hyperpnea - faster and/or deeper breathing
Tachypnea - increased breathing rate
Retractions or recessions - sucking in of the skin, around the ribs^[5] and the top of the sternum^[6]
Use of accessory muscles of respiration rather than only the diaphragm

Causes

Causes of labored breathing include:

Severe metabolic acidosis, particularly diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but also renal failure. The specific associated breathing pattern is called Kussmaul breathing.
Cardiac disease^[7]
Respiratory failure^[7]

References

^ TheFreeDictionary > labored breathing Retrieved on Dec 12, 2009
^ TheFreeDictionary, retrieved on Dec 12, 2009. Citing:
- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009.
- Ologies & -Isms. The Gale Group 2008
^ West JB (2008). Pulmonary pathophysiology: the essentials (7 ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 45.
^ Definition of Dyspnea MedicineNet. Last Editorial Review: 11/1/1998]
^ ^a ^b Levene, Malcolm I.; David Ian Tudehope,Michael John Thearle (2000). Essentials of neonatal medicine. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 28. ISBN 0-632-05163-9. http://books.google.co.ve/books?id=FHXtDkLzOHEC.
^ UpToDate >Patient information: Croup in infants and children Charles R Woods, MD, MS. Last literature review version 17.3: September 2009
^ ^a ^b Medilexicon Medical Dictionary - 'Labored Respiration' Retrieved on Dec 12, 2009

UpToDate Contents

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1. 機械的人工換気からの離脱（ウィーニング）：準備テスト weaning from mechanical ventilation readiness testing
2. 腹臥位呼吸管理 prone ventilation
3. 正常な陣痛および分娩のマネージメント management of normal labor and delivery
4. Anesthesia for labor and delivery in high-risk heart disease: General considerations
5. 分娩時の顔位および額位 face and brow presentations in labor

English Journal

Physiological Consequences of Abdominal Aortic and Junctional Tourniquet (AAJT) Application to Control Hemorrhage in a Swine Model.

Kheirabadi BS1, Terrazas IB, Miranda N, Voelker AN, Grimm R, Kragh JF Jr, Dubick MA.
Shock (Augusta, Ga.).Shock.2016 Sep;46(3 Suppl 1):160-6. doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000651.
INTRODUCTION: Specialized tourniquets such as Abdominal Aortic and Junctional Tourniquet (AAJT) have been deployed for control of junctional hemorrhage with limited information concerning their efficacy and safety. We examined physiological effects of a 2-h abdominal application of AAJT to control g
PMID 27172149

Myocardial myostatin in spontaneously hypertensive rats with heart failure.

Damatto RL1, Lima AR1, Martinez PF2, Cezar MD1, Okoshi K1, Okoshi MP3.
International journal of cardiology.Int J Cardiol.2016 Jul 15;215:384-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.04.101. Epub 2016 Apr 15.
BACKGROUND: Myostatin has been shown to regulate skeletal and cardiac muscle growth. However, its status on long-term hypertrophied myocardium has not been addressed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of myocardial myostatin and its antagonist follistatin in spontaneously hype
PMID 27128567

First isolation of Schizophyllum commune in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina).

Hanafusa Y1, Hirano Y2, Watabe H2, Hosaka K3, Ikezawa M1, Shibahara T4.
Medical mycology.Med Mycol.2016 Jul 1;54(5):492-9. doi: 10.1093/mmy/myw008. Epub 2016 Mar 1.
To date, Schizophyllum commune infection has been identified in only humans and dogs. A 7-year-old female harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) died after exhibiting corneal opacity, anorexia, and labored respiration. At necropsy, phthisis of the left eyeball was detected, and multiple nodular lesions were o
PMID 26933208

Japanese Journal

Thoracoscopic Plication for Diaphragmatic Eventration in a Neonate

Takahashi Tsubasa,Okazaki Tadaharu,Ochi Takanori,Nishimura Kinya,Lane Geoffrey J,Inada Eiichi,Yamataka Atsuyuki
Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2012
… Shortness of breath, labored respiration and chest retraction presented soon after birth, necessitating mechanical ventilation. …
NAID 130002148317

Bacillus thuringiensisによるマウス感染症(第1報.腹腔内ならびに筋肉内感染に対するマウスの感受性)

秋山武久,大沢伸孝,亀谷徹
北里医学 14(4), 236-247, 1984-08-31
Bacillus thuringiensisは芽胞形成の時期に一致して,菱型結晶をした内毒素を産生するが,この点を除いてはBacillus cereusによく似た菌種であることは周知のところである。偶々,この内毒素が鱗〓目の幼虫に選択毒性を示すところから,本菌を農薬として使用する試みが現われ,既に,欧米では本菌の生芽胞を含む製剤の散布が行なわれている。散布は,本菌が人畜に無害であるとの理解のもとで …
NAID 110004691927

神經循環疲勞症(Neutocirculatory Asthenia)及び類似症患に對する實驗的研究(第2報) : 脊髄電氣刺戟による呼吸運動の變化について

大野猛
日本循環器學誌 23(1), 51-64, 1959-04-20
… I have reported that there were observed the respiratory changes i.e. tachynea and labored respioration in rabbits, into which cervical subarachnoid space almina-cream were injected, but its pathogenesis has been difinitely unknown.Now in this study I examined the respiratory responses upon the electrical stimulation of spinal cord at the cervical (C. …
NAID 110002771977