external respiration

WordNet

1. purely outward or superficial; "external composure"; "an external concern for reputation"- A.R.Gurney,Jr.
2. outward features; "he enjoyed the solemn externals of religion"
3. coming from the outside; "extraneous light in the camera spoiled the photograph"; "relying upon an extraneous income"; "disdaining outside pressure groups" (同)extraneous, outside
4. from or between other countries; "external commerce"; "international trade"; "developing nations need outside help" (同)international, outside
5. happening or arising or located outside or beyond some limits or especially surface; "the external auditory canal"; "external pressures"
6. the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs (同)internal_respiration, cellular_respiration
7. a single complete act of breathing in and out; "thirty respirations per minute"
8. a nonresident doctor or medical student; connected with a hospital but not living there (同)medical extern

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『外側の』,外部の / (作用・動作などが)『外側からの』,外部からの / 表面上の,見せかけの / 体外の;体外用の / 外国の(foreign) / (…の)外観,外形《+『of』+『名』》
2. 〈U〉呼吸すること(breathing)〈C〉一呼吸,一息 / 〈U〉(生物の)呼吸作用

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/13 22:47:15」(JST)

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In physiology, respiration is defined as the movement of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.

The physiological definition of respiration should not be confused with the biochemical definition, which refers to cellular respiration, a metabolic process by which an organism obtains energy (in the form of ATP) by oxidizing nutrients and releasing waste products. Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the organism, while physiologic respiration concerns the bulk flow and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.

Physiological respiration involves ventilation of the lung aveoli with atmospheric air moved into and out of the lungs through inhalation and exhalation, otherwise known as breathing. Gas exchange then occurs between the alveolar air and the pulmonary capillary blood, which is then evenly distributed throughout the body by the circulatory system. The process of breathing does not fill the alveoli with atmospheric air during each inhalation (about 350 ml per breath), but the inhaled air is carefully diluted and thoroughly mixed with a large volume of gas (about 2.5 liters in adult humans) known as the functional residual capacity which remains in the lungs after each exhalation, and whose gaseous composition differs markedly from that of the ambient air. Physiological respiration involves the mechanisms that ensure that the composition of the functional residual capacity is kept constant, and equilibrates with the gases dissolved in the pulmonary capillary blood, and thus throughout the body. Thus, in precise usage, the words breathing and ventilation are hyponyms, not synonyms, of respiration; but this prescription is not consistently followed, even by most health care providers, because the term respiratory rate (RR) is a well-established term in health care, even though it would need to be consistently replaced with ventilation rate if the precise usage were to be followed.

Classifications of respiration

There are several ways to classify the physiology of respiration:

By species

• Aquatic respiration
• Buccal pumping
• Animal respiration

By mechanism

• Respiratory system
• Breathing
• Respiration organ
• Gas exchange
• Arterial blood gas
• Control of respiration
• Apnea

By experiments

• Huff and puff
• Spirometry
• Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry
• Bell Jar Model Lung
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
• Myasthenia gravis
• Asthma
• Drowning
• Choking
• Dyspnea
• Anaphylaxis
• Pneumonia
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome
• Pulmonary aspiration - Pulmonary edema
• Death

By intensive care and emergency medicine

• CPR
• Mechanical ventilation
• Intubation
• Iron lung
• Intensive care medicine
• Liquid breathing
• ECMO
• Oxygen toxicity
• Medical ventilator
• Paramedic
• Life support
• General anaesthesia
• Laryngoscope

By other medical topics

• Respiratory therapy
• Breathing gases
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
• Hypoxia
• Gas embolism
• Decompression sickness
• Barotrauma
• Oxygen toxicity
• Nitrogen narcosis
• Carbon dioxide poisoning
• Carbon monoxide poisoning
• HPNS

See also

• Respiratory system
• List of basic biology topics
• Lung

References

• Nelsons VCE Units 1-2 Physical Education. 2010 Cengage Copyright.

Further reading

• Nilsson, Goran E. (2010). Respiratory Physiology of Vertebrates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70302-4. 
• Randall, David (2002). Eckert Animal Physiology. New York: W.H. Freeman and CO. ISBN 0-7167-3863-5. , human biology 146149
• C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Respiration. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Mark McGinley and C.J.Cleveland. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 機械的人工換気の概要 overview of mechanical ventilation
• 2. 成人の急性呼吸窮迫症候群における機械的人工換気 mechanical ventilation of adults in acute respiratory distress syndrome
• 3. 機械的人工換気のモード modes of mechanical ventilation
• 4. 全身麻酔時の人工呼吸器の使用 mechanical ventilation during anesthesia in adults
• 5. 機械的人工換気からの離脱（ウィーニング）：準備テスト weaning from mechanical ventilation readiness testing

English Journal

• Spatio-temporal relief from hypoxia and production of reactive oxygen species during bud burst in grapevine (Vitis vinifera).

• Meitha K1, Konnerup D2, Colmer TD1, Considine JA1, Foyer CH3, Considine MJ4.
• Annals of botany.Ann Bot.2015 Sep 3. pii: mcv123. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Plants regulate cellular oxygen partial pressures (pO2), together with reduction/oxidation (redox) state in order to manage rapid developmental transitions such as bud burst after a period of quiescence. However, our understanding of pO2 regulation in complex meristematic organs
• PMID 26337519

• Tissue and sex specificities in Ca(2+) handling by isolated mitochondria in conditions avoiding the permeability transition.

• Chweih H1, Castilho RF1, Figueira TR.
• Experimental physiology.Exp Physiol.2015 Sep;100(9):1073-92. doi: 10.1113/EP085248. Epub 2015 Aug 18.
• NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study The assessment of Ca(2+) handling by isolated mitochondria can be biased by dysfunctions secondary to Ca(2+) -induced mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). As a result of this uncertainty and the differing experimental conditions betwe
• PMID 26096641

Japanese Journal

• flail chestを生じた胸骨骨折に対しロッキングプレートにて良好な固定を得た緊急手術の1例

• 伊藤 祥隆,小林 弘明,滝沢 昌也,高橋 充,関野 陽一
• 日本呼吸器外科学会雑誌 26(6), 683-687, 2012
• ロッキングプレートは骨のみならずスクリュウとも固定する新しい骨整復用の器材である．症例は37歳，女性．交通事故にて受傷し当院へ救急搬送された．前胸部右側に高度の奇異呼吸を認め，自発呼吸は不可能であった．胸部CTにて胸骨体部に横断骨折と高度な転位を，右第III～X肋骨と左第II, III肋骨に骨折と右側の血気胸を認めた．高度転位を伴う胸骨骨折，両側多発肋骨骨折，および右外傷性血気胸と診 …
• NAID 130002114659

• AEDの診断精度 (特集 AEDを検証する)

• 松田 直樹
• 呼吸と循環 58(11), 1133-1138, 2010-11
• NAID 40017352775

Related Links

• External Respiration - Breathing and the human respiratory system.

Human Respiratory System - Overview of the Respiratory System - with links to pages about the upper- and lower- respiratory tracts (nares, larynx, pleura, lungs, goblet cells, cilia, ciliated cells, bronchioles and alveoli).

Related Pictures

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関連記事	「external」

「external」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 外部の、外側の、外の

関

exo、exterior、externally、extra、lateral、laterale、lateralis、laterally、outer、outside