WordNet

turn or go to the port or left side, of a ship; "The big ship was slowly porting"
an opening (in a wall or ship or armored vehicle) for firing through (同)embrasure, porthole
sweet dark-red dessert wine originally from Portugal (同)port wine
a place (seaport or airport) where people and merchandise can enter or leave a country
located on the left side of a ship or aircraft (同)larboard
bring to port; "the captain ported the ship at night"
carry or hold with both hands diagonally across the body, especially of weapons; "port a rifle"
carry, bear, convey, or bring; "The small canoe could be ported easily"
drink port; "We were porting all in the club after dinner"
land at or reach a port; "The ship finally ported"
modify (software) for use on a different machine or platform
put or turn on the left side, of a ship; "port the helm"
(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
a grand and imposing entrance (often extended metaphorically); "the portals of the cathedral"; "the portals of heaven"; "the portals of success"
of or relating to the hypophysis (同)hypophysial

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉〈U〉『港』 / 〈C〉『港町』,『港市』
(船の)左舷(さげん);(飛行機の)(機首に向かって)左側 / 左舷の,左側の / 〈かじなど〉‘を'左舷に向ける
=porthole / (船の)荷役口 / (装甲車・城壁などの)銃眼,砲門
ポートワイン(ポルトガル原産の甘口のぶどう酒で深紅色)
控え銃(つつ)の姿勢(銃をからだの正面に斜めに保持し先端が左肩の近くにくる) / 〈銃など〉‘を'控え銃にする
〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
〈C〉(堂々とした)門,入り口 / 《複数形》《文》(大きな建物の)正門,表玄関 / 《複数形》《文》(…の)発端《+『of』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/17 12:10:56」(JST)

wiki en

The Hypophyseal portal system is a blood system of vessels in the brain that connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary. Its main function is the transport and exchange of hormones to allow a fast communication of both glands. The fenestrae structure of the hypophyseal portal system needs only a small amount of hormones to tolerate a rapid exchange between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland to stimulate an accurate effect in the respective target organs in the body.

Peptides released near the median eminence from hypothalamic nuclei are transported to the anterior pituitary, where they apply their physiologic effects. Branches from the internal carotid artery provide the blood supply to the pituitary. The upper hypophyseal arteries form the primary capillary plexus that supplies blood to the median eminence. From this capillary system, the blood is drained in hypophyseal portal veins into the secondary plexus. The peptides released at the median eminence enter the primary plexus capillaries. From there, they are transported to the anterior pituitary via hypophyseal portal veins to the secondary plexus. The secondary plexus is a network of fenestrated sinusoid capillaries that provide blood to the anterior pituitary. The cells of the anterior pituitary express specific G protein-coupled receptors that bind to the neuropeptides, activating intracellular second-messenger cascades that produce the release of anterior pituitary hormones.^[1]

Blood flow[edit]

The blood supply and direction of flow in the hypophyseal portal system has been studied over several years on human cadaver specimens with injection methods. Results of these studies have shown that the neural hypophyseal stalk receives arterial blood from ascending and descending infundibular branches, coming from the arteries of the superior hypophyseal arterial system. Small ascending vessels arising from the anastomoses that connect the upper with the lower hypophyseal arterial system also supply blood to hypophyseal vessels. The majority of these branches penetrate into the neural tissue to break up into capillaries for rapid hormone exchange.^[1]

Development[edit]

Proper hormone secretion in the developing fetus is crucial for its growth in the womb of the mother. In order to allow a controlled hormone secretion in the developing organs of the fetus, stimulating hormones must be exchanged in the regulating structures in the brain in early stages of the development. Hormone-exchanging blood vessels between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, similar to those of the hypophyseal portal system, can be observed in early developmental stages of the fetus. A study performed on ovine fetuses, about 48-67 days of gestation, showed extensive and very well-developed capillary connections between the median eminence, the pituitary stalk, and the pituitary gland. In some of the fetuses, portal capillary loops had penetrated into the median eminence. These findings suggest that, in the ovine fetus, hypothalamic releasing hormones can be transported directly via a portal vascular way to the pituitary gland that develops as early as 45 days of gestation. These experimental results give evidence for an early development of what is later the fully developed hypophysial portal system. 4,5,6

Pathophysiology[edit]

Over- or under-function as well as insufficiencies of the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland can cause a negative effect on the ability of the hypophyseal portal system to exchange hormones between both structures rapidly. This can have major effects on the respective target glands, making it impossible for them to carry out their functions properly. Occlusions and other issues in the blood vessels of the hypophysial portal system can also cause complications in the exchange of hormones between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Molina, Patricia.E. (2010). Endocrine Physiology. Lange. (3, p. 31). ISBN 978-0-07-161301-9.

External links[edit]

http://www.llu.edu/llu/medicine/anatomy/glossary/ans102_109.html#Q103
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/anatomy.html

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 免疫チェックポイント阻害薬による免疫療法を行う患者の選定基準と同療法の毒性 patient selection criteria and toxicities associated with checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy
2. 下垂体機能低下症の原因 causes of hypopituitarism
3. 補体系の後天性欠損 acquired deficiencies of the complement system
4. 中枢性甲状腺機能低下症 central hypothyroidism
5. 鞍部腫瘤の原因、症状、および評価 causes presentation and evaluation of sellar masses

English Journal

60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: MEMOIR: Harris' neuroendocrine revolution: of portal vessels and self-priming.

Fink G1.
The Journal of endocrinology.J Endocrinol.2015 Aug;226(2):T13-24. doi: 10.1530/JOE-15-0130. Epub 2015 May 12.
Geoffrey Harris, while still a medical student at Cambridge, was the first researcher (1937) to provide experimental proof for the then tentative view that the anterior pituitary gland was controlled by the CNS. The elegant studies carried out by Harris in the 1940s and early 1950s, alone and in col
PMID 25967698

An "enigmatic" L-carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine)? Cell proliferative activity as a fundamental property of a natural dipeptide inherent to traditional antioxidant, anti-aging biological activities: balancing and a hormonally correct agent, novel patented oral therapy dosage formulation for mobility, skeletal muscle power and functional performance, hypothalamic-pituitary- brain relationship in health, aging and stress studies.

Babizhayev MA, Yegorov YE1.
Recent patents on drug delivery & formulation.Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul.2015;9(1):1-64.
Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are major neuroendocrine regulators of human body metabolism being driven directly to the anterior pituitary gland via hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal veins. The alternative physiological or therapeutic interventions utilizing the pharmaco-nutritional b
PMID 25524476

Adrenal dysfunction in portal hypertensive rats with acute hemorrhage.

Lee FY1, Wang SS2, Tsai MH3, Huang HC1, Lin HC1, Lee SD4.
PloS one.PLoS One.2014 Mar 14;9(3):e92093. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092093. eCollection 2014.
Nitric oxide (NO) participates in shock and poorer portal hypotensive effect to vasoconstrictors in portal hypertension with hemorrhage, the so-called splanchnic hyposensitivity. Relative adrenal insufficiency accompanies hemorrhagic shock and is found in liver disease, the 'hepatoadrenal syndrome',
PMID 24633079

Japanese Journal

ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION ON THE HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSEAL SYSTEM IN THE RAT I. THE ULTRAFINE STRUCTURE OF THE CONTACT REGION BETWEEN THE EXTERNAL LAYER OF THE INFUNDIBULUM AND PARS TUBERALIS OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY