human placental lactogen

ヒト胎盤性ラクトゲン hPL

WordNet

1. sing with closed lips; "She hummed a melody"
2. a humming noise; "the hum of distant traffic" (同)humming
3. be noisy with activity; "This office is buzzing with activity" (同)buzz, seethe
4. sound with a monotonous hum (同)thrum
5. make a low continuous sound; "The refrigerator is humming"
6. relating to a person; "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
7. characteristic of humanity; "human nature"
8. having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings; "human beings"; "the human body"; "human kindness"; "human frailty"
9. pertaining to or having or occurring by means of a placenta; "all mammals except monotremes and marsupials are placental mammals"
10. mammals having a placenta; all mammals except monotremes and marsupials (同)placental mammal, eutherian, eutherian mammal
11. that part of the ovary of a flowering plant where the ovules form
12. the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus
13. any agent that enhances milk production

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈ハチ・機械などが〉『ブンブンいう』,ブーンと鳴る / 『鼻歌を歌う』,ハミングスル / (ちゅうちょ・当惑で)ふむふむいう / 《話》〈雰囲気・事業などが〉活気がある,活発に動く;(…で)活気づく《+『with』+『名』》 / …‘を'『ハミングで歌う』,鼻歌を歌って…‘を'(ある状熊に)する / (ハチ・機械などの)『ブンブン』[『うなる音』];鼻歌 / (雑踏などの)ガヤガヤ]いう音],騒音 / ふ‐む,う‐ん(ちゅうちょ・当惑・黙考・疑惑・不快などの声)
2. (動物・神に対して)『人間の』,人の / 『人間らいし』,人間的な,人情味のある / 〈C〉《複数形》(動物に怠して)人間(human being) / 〈U〉《the human》人類
3. 胎盤

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/10 05:28:25」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

"HPL" redirects here. For other uses, see HPL (disambiguation).

chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 (human placental lactogen)
Crystal Structure of Human Placental Lactogen.
Identifiers
Symbol	CSH1
Entrez	1442
HUGO	2440
OMIM	150200
RefSeq	NM_001317
UniProt	Q6PF11
Other data
Locus	Chr. 17 q22-q24

chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 2
Identifiers
Symbol	CSH2
Entrez	1443
HUGO	2441
OMIM	118820
PDB	1Z7C
RefSeq	NM_020991
UniProt	P01243
Other data
Locus	Chr. 17 q22-q24

Human placental lactogen (hPL), also called human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS), is a polypeptide placental hormone. Its structure and function is similar to that of human growth hormone. It modifies the metabolic state of the mother during pregnancy to facilitate the energy supply of the fetus. hPL has anti-insulin properties. hPL is a hormone secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast during pregnancy. Like human growth hormone, hPL is encoded by genes on chromosome 17q22-24. It was identified in 1963.

Structure

hPL molecular mass is 22,125 and contains single chain consisting of 191 amino acid residues that are linked by two disulfide bonds and the structure contains 8 helices. A crystal structure of hPL was determined by X-ray diffraction to a resolution of 2.0 Å.

Levels

hPL is present only during pregnancy, with maternal serum levels rising in relation to the growth of the fetus and placenta. Maximum levels are reached near term, typically to 5–7 mg/L. Higher levels are noted in patients with multiple gestation. Little hPL enters the fetal circulation. Its biological half-life is 15 minutes.

Physiologic Function

hPL affects the metabolic system of the maternal organism in the following manners:

• In a bioassay hPL mimics the action of prolactin, yet it is unclear whether hPL has any role in human lactation.
• Metabolic
  • ↓ maternal insulin sensitivity leading to an increase in maternal blood glucose levels.
  • ↓ maternal glucose utilization, which helps ensure adequate fetal nutrition (the mother responds by increasing beta cells). Chronic hypoglycemia leads to a rise in hPL.
  • ↑ lipolysis with the release of free fatty acids. With fasting and release of hPL, free fatty acids become available for the maternal organism as fuel, so that relatively more glucose can be utilized by the fetus. Also, ketones formed from free fatty acids can cross the placenta and be used by the fetus.

These functions help support fetal nutrition even in the case of maternal malnutrition.

This hormone has weak actions similar to those of growth hormone, causing the formation of protein tissues in the same way that growth hormone, but 100 times more hPL than growth hormone is required to promote growth. An enhancer for the human placental lactogen gene is found 2 kb downstream of the gene and participates in the cell-specific control gene expression.

Clinical measurement of hPL

While hPL has been used as an indicator of fetal well-being and growth, other fetal testing methods have been found to be more reliable. Also, normal pregnancies have been reported with undetectable maternal levels of hPL.

See also

• Placental lactogen in other species
• Somatotropin family

References

• "RCSB Protein Data Bank - Structure Summary for 1Z7C - Crystal Structure of Human Placental Lactogen". 
• "Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin Enhancer Function Is Mediated by Cooperative Binding of TEF-1 and CSEF-1 to Multiple, Low-Affinity Binding Sites". 

Further reading

• Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG (1999). Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility (Sixth ed.). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-683-30379-1. 

External links

• Human Placental Lactogen at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 妊娠に対する母体の内分泌系および代謝の適応 maternal endocrine and metabolic adaptation to pregnancy
• 2. 胎盤の発達および生理学 placental development and physiology
• 3. 妊娠性絨毛性疾患：病理 gestational trophoblastic disease pathology
• 4. 妊娠女性における1型および2型糖尿病の内科的管理 medical management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in pregnant women
• 5. 妊娠中の糖尿病のスクリーニングおよび診断 screening and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy

English Journal

• The prolactin family hormones regulate vascular tone through NO and prostacyclin production in isolated rat aortic rings.

• Gonzalez C1, Rosas-Hernandez H2, Jurado-Manzano B1, Ramirez-Lee MA1, Salazar-Garcia S1, Martinez-Cuevas PP1, Velarde-Salcedo AJ1, Morales-Loredo H3, Espinosa-Tanguma R3, Ali SF4, Rubio R3.
• Acta pharmacologica Sinica.Acta Pharmacol Sin.2015 May;36(5):572-86. doi: 10.1038/aps.2014.159. Epub 2015 Apr 20.
• AIM: Prolactin family hormones include growth hormone, placental lactogen and prolactin, which are able to regulate angiogenesis via NO and prostaglandins. However, their effects on vascular tone are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of prolactin family hormones
• PMID 25891087

• ETS1 Induces Human Trophoblast Differentiation.

• Kessler CA1, Stanek JW, Stringer KF, Handwerger S.
• Endocrinology.Endocrinology.2015 May;156(5):1851-9. doi: 10.1210/en.2014-1760. Epub 2015 Feb 4.
• A possible role for the transcription factor v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (ETS1) in human trophoblast cell differentiation was examined using a highly enriched fraction of human mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells (CTBs) that differentiate spontaneously in vitro to a multi
• PMID 25651508

• Duration of maternal undernutrition differentially alters fetal growth and hormone concentrations.

• Field ME1, Anthony RV2, Engle TE1, Archibeque SL1, Keisler DH3, Han H4.
• Domestic animal endocrinology.Domest Anim Endocrinol.2015 Apr;51:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2014.09.003. Epub 2014 Sep 19.
• To investigate the impact of duration of maternal undernutrition in twin sheep pregnancies, ewes were either fed 100% (C) or 50% of their nutrient requirements from 28 to 78 d gestational age (dGA) and readjusted to 100% beginning at 79 dGA (LC) or continuously restricted from 28 to 135 dGA (LL). We
• PMID 25460066

Japanese Journal

• 子宮内環境と胎児(特別講演,第62回日本産科婦人科学会・学術講演会)

• 佐川 典正
• 日本産科婦人科學會雜誌 62(11), 2305-2320, 2010-11-01
• … The mRNA expression and protein secretion of both interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3) in the cultured human uterine cervical fibroblast cells significantly increased after stimulation with cyclic mechanical stretch. … It is proposed that maternal adaptation to the pregnant state is mainly due to placental hormones, such as prolactin, placental lactogen and steroid hormones. …
• NAID 110007880685

• Correlations between serum assays of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and human placental lactogen (hPL) and pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) among nulliparas younger than 38 years

• MERVIEL P
• Eur J Obstet Gynecol 95, 59-67, 2001
• NAID 30002488404

Related Links

• human placental lactogen - definition of human placental ...

lactogen /lac·to·gen/ (lak´to-jen) any substance that enhances lactation. human placental lactogen a hormone secreted by the placenta; it has lactogenic, luteotropic, and growth-promoting activity, and inhibits maternal insulin activity.

• Human Placental Lactogen (HPL) - National Center for ...

High density lipoproteins stimulate placental lactogen release and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) production in human trophoblast cells: evidence for cAMP as a second messenger in human placental lactogen release.

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「セミノーマ」「ヒト胎盤性ラクトゲン」「hPL」
関連記事	「human」「placental」「placental lactogen」

「セミノーマ」

　　[★]

英

seminoma, seminomas

同

精上皮腫 disgerminoma dysgerminoma

関

精巣腫瘍

概念

• 精母細胞から生じる腫瘍。
• 似た組織像を示す卵巣腫瘍に未分化胚細胞腫 dysgerminomaがある。

疫学

• 精巣腫瘍の約50%を占める
• 40歳以上

診断

• 免疫組織化学

• human placental lactogen(HPL)：陽性
• α-fetoprotein(AFP)：陰性
• human chorionic gonadotropin(hCG)：陰性

syncytial cellはhCGが陽性かも

治療

• 高位精巣摘除術　→　化学療法・放射線療法

予後

• 化学療法によく反応し放射線感受性が高い。
• 良好
• IGCCC Prognosis

参考

• 1. 精巣腫瘍診療ガイドライン - 香川県立中央病院 (2010年)

http://www.chp-kagawa.jp/docs/seisou.pdf

「ヒト胎盤性ラクトゲン」

　　[★]

英

human placental lactogen, hPL

同

胎盤性ラクトゲン placental lactogen PL

関

chorionic somatomammotropin

産生組織

• 胎盤栄養膜合胞細胞

生理作用

G10M.163

• 母体：脂質分解作用
• 母体：インスリン抵抗性付与(特に妊娠20週以降)

臨床関連

• 胎盤機能の不全：妊娠後期で4ug/ml以下であれば潜在的胎児仮死を疑う。

「hPL」

　　[★] ヒト胎盤性ラクトゲン human placental lactogen

「human」

　　[★]

• n.

• ヒト

• adj.

• ヒトの、ヒト型の

関

ape、hominid、Hominidae、homo、Homo sapiens、human being、human race、human-type、man、Pongidae

　 　 　 　

「placental」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 胎盤の、胎盤性の

関

placenta、placentae

　 　

「placental lactogen」

　　[★] 胎盤性ラクトゲン PL