hepatic disease

関

Liver disease

関

liver disease

WordNet

1. an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
2. caused by or altered by or manifesting disease or pathology; "diseased tonsils"; "a morbid growth"; "pathologic tissue"; "pathological bodily processes" (同)morbid, pathologic, pathological
3. pertaining to or affecting the liver; "hepatic ducts"; "hepatic cirrhosis"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (体の)『病気』,疾患 / (精神・道徳などの)病気,病弊
2. 女性の話術芸人 =diseur
3. 病気にかかった / 病的な,不健全な(morbid)
4. 肝臓の;肝臓にきく,肝臓のような色の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/08 18:58:35」(JST)

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Liver disease
Classification and external resources
Micrograph of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, demonstrating marked macrovesicular steatosis. Trichrome stain.
MedlinePlus	000205
MeSH	D008107

Liver disease (also called hepatic disease) is a type of damage to or disease of the liver.

Signs and symptoms

The symptoms related to liver dysfunction include both physical signs and a variety of symptoms related to digestive problems, blood sugar problems, immune disorders, abnormal absorption of fats, and metabolism problems.^{[citation needed]}

The malabsorption of fats may lead to symptoms that include indigestion, reflux, deficit of fat-soluble vitamins, hemorrhoids, gall stones, intolerance to fatty foods, intolerance to alcohol, nausea and vomiting attacks, abdominal bloating, and constipation.

Nervous system disorders include depression, mood changes, especially anger and irritability, poor concentration and "foggy brain", overheating of the body, especially the face and torso, and recurrent headaches (including migraine) associated with nausea.

The blood sugar problems include hypoglycaemia.

Abnormalities in the level of fats in the blood stream, whether too high or too low levels of lipids in the organism. Hypercholesterolemia: elevated LDL cholesterol, reduced HDL cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, clogged arteries leading to high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes, build up of fat in other body organs (fatty degeneration of organs), lumps of fat in the skin (lipomas and other fatty tumors), excessive weight gain (which may lead to obesity), inability to lose weight even while dieting, sluggish metabolism, protuberant abdomen (pot belly), cellulite, fatty liver, and a roll of fat around the upper abdomen (liver roll) etc.^{[citation needed]} Or too low levels of lipids: hypocholesterolemia: low total cholesterol, low LDL and VLDL cholesterol, low triglyderides.

Types

• Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver, is caused mainly by various viruses (viral hepatitis) but also by some liver toxins (e.g. alcoholic hepatitis), autoimmunity (autoimmune hepatitis) or hereditary conditions.
• Alcoholic liver disease is any hepatic manifestation of alcohol overconsumption, including fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Analogous terms such as "drug-induced" or "toxic" liver disease are also used to refer to the range of disorders caused by various drugs and environmental chemicals.
• Fatty liver disease (hepatic steatosis) is a reversible condition where large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a spectrum of disease associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, among other causes. Fatty liver may lead to inflammatory disease (i.e. steatohepatitis) and, eventually, cirrhosis.
• Cirrhosis is the formation of fibrous tissue (fibrosis) in the place of liver cells that have died due to a variety of causes, including viral hepatitis, alcohol overconsumption, and other forms of liver toxicity. Cirrhosis causes chronic liver failure.
• Primary liver cancer most commonly manifests as hepatocellular carcinoma and/or cholangiocarcinoma; rarer forms include angiosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma of the liver. (Many liver malignancies are secondary lesions that have metastasized from primary cancers in the gastrointestinal tract and other organs, such as the kidneys, lungs, breast, or prostate.)
• Primary biliary cirrhosis is a serious autoimmune disease of the bile capillaries.
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a serious chronic inflammatory disease of the bile duct, which is believed to be autoimmune in origin.
• Budd–Chiari syndrome is the clinical picture caused by occlusion of the hepatic vein, which in some cases may lead to cirrhosis.
• Hereditary diseases that cause damage to the liver include hemochromatosis, involving accumulation of iron in the body, and Wilson's disease, which causes the body to retain copper. Liver damage is also a clinical feature of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and glycogen storage disease type II.
• In transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis, the liver produces a mutated transthyretin protein which has severe neurodegenerative and/or cardiopathic effects. Liver transplantation can provide a curative treatment option.
• Gilbert's syndrome, a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism found in about 5% of the population, can cause mild jaundice.

There are also many pediatric liver disease, including biliary atresia, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Alagille syndrome, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis to name but a few.

Diagnostics

A number of liver function tests are available to test the proper function of the liver. These test for the presence of enzymes in blood that are normally most abundant in liver tissue, metabolites or products. LFT's, serum proteins, serum albumin, serum globulin, A/G Ratio, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet count.

Treatment

The most effective way to treat alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is to make lifestyle changes, such as:

• Cutting out alcohol
• Improving the diet
• Taking regular exercise

Anti-viral medications are available to treat infections such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C. This is an area of active research and drug development and today many treatments offer improved outcomes, by clearing or controlling the virus to slow any decline in the condition of your liver.

Other conditions may be managed by slowing down disease progression, for example:

• By using steroid-based drugs in autoimmune hepatitis.
• Regularly removing a quantity of blood from a vein (venesection) in the iron overload condition, haemochromatosis.
• Wilson’s disease, a condition where copper builds up in the body, can be managed with drugs which bind copper allowing it to be passed from your body in urine.
• In cholestatic liver disease (where the flow of bile is affected) a medication called ursodeoxycholic acid (URSO, also referred to as UDCA) may be given. Made from naturally occurring bile acid, it may offer some protection for the liver from the harmful chemicals in the bile, slowing damage.

See also

• Hepato-biliary diseases

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 肝酵素および肝機能検査値の異常が認められた患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with abnormal liver biochemical and function tests
• 2. アルコール性脂肪性肝炎およびアルコール性肝硬変の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcoholic cirrhosis
• 3. 肝疾患患者における凝固異常 coagulation abnormalities in patients with liver disease
• 4. 成人における非アルコール性脂肪性肝疾患（NAFLD）の疫学、臨床的特徴、および診断 epidemiology clinical features and diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults
• 5. Cystic fibrosis: Hepatobiliary disease

English Journal

• EGF Suppresses the Initiation and Drives the Reversion of TGF-β1-induced Transition in Hepatic Oval Cells Showing the Plasticity of Progenitor Cells.

• Wang P1,2,3, Yang AT1,2, Cong M1,2, Liu TH1,2, Zhang D2, Huang J2, Tong XF1,2, Zhu ST2, Xu Y1,2, Tang SZ1,2, Wang BE1,2, Ma H1,2, Jia JD1,2, You H1,2.
• Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Oct;230(10):2362-70. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24962.
• Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induces hepatic progenitors to tumor initiating cells through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thus raising an important drawback for stem cell-based therapy. How to block and reverse TGF-β1-induced transition is crucial for progenitors' clinical app
• PMID 25739869

• Transcription Factor Tfe3 Directly Regulates Pgc-1alpha in Muscle.

• Salma N1, Song JS2,3,4, Arany Z5, Fisher DE1.
• Journal of cellular physiology.J Cell Physiol.2015 Oct;230(10):2330-6. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24978.
• The microphthalmia (MiT) family of transcription factors is an important mediator of metabolism. Family members Mitf and Tfeb directly regulate the expression of the master regulator of metabolism, peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (Pgc-1alpha), in melanomas and in
• PMID 25736533

• Three differently generated salmon protein hydrolysates reveal opposite effects on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet.

• Vik R1, Tillander V2, Skorve J1, Vihervaara T3, Ekroos K3, Alexson SE2, Berge RK4, Bjørndal B5.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Sep 15;183:101-10. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.011. Epub 2015 Mar 17.
• This study investigates the effects of salmon peptide fractions, generated using different enzymatic hydrolyzation methods, on hepatic lipid metabolism. Four groups of mice were fed a high-fat diet with 20% casein (control group) or 15% casein and 5% of peptide fractions (treatment groups E1, E2 and
• PMID 25863616

Japanese Journal

• 遺伝性出血性毛細血管拡張症 (特集 循環器疾患と分子遺伝学)

• 小宮山 雅樹
• 循環器内科 77(4), 327-330, 2015-04
• NAID 40020455860

• Liver steatosis is associated with insulin resistance in skeletal muscle rather than in the liver in Japanese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

• Kato Ken-ichiro,Takeshita Yumie,Misu Hirofumi,Zen Yoh,Kaneko Shuichi,Takamura Toshinari
• Journal of Diabetes Investigation 6(2), 158-163, 2015-03-01
• … Aims/Introduction: To examine the association between liver histological features and organ-specific insulin resistance indices calculated from 75-g oral glucose tolerance test data in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. … Materials and Methods: Liver biopsy specimens were obtained from 72 patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and were scored for steatosis, grade and stage. …
• NAID 120005593987

• 臨床研究・症例報告 肝逸脱酵素の著しい上昇を呈した川崎病の1女児例

• 福士 茉莉子,松裏 裕行,池原 聡 [他]
• 小児科臨床 68(1), 65-70, 2015-01
• NAID 40020304872

Related Links

• Liver Disease: Symptoms, Signs & Treatment

Learn about liver disease symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, jaundice, weakness, and weight loss. Causes of liver disease vary from infection, medication use, and other conditions and diseases.

• Liver Disease | MedlinePlus

Your liver is the largest organ inside your body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. There are many kinds of liver diseases: Diseases caused by viruses, such as hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「liver disorder」「肝疾患」
関連記事	「disease」「hepatic」

「liver disorder」

　　[★]

• 肝障害、肝疾患、肝臓病

関

hepatic damage、hepatic disease、hepatic dysfunction、hepatopathy、liver damage、liver disease

「肝疾患」

　　[★]

英

liver disease、hepatic disease、liver disorder

関

肝障害、肝機能障害、肝臓病

「disease」

　　[★]

• n.

疾患：illnessより厳密な概念。「ある臓器に明確な障害が確認され、それによって症状が出ているとはっきり説明できる場合」 (PSY.9)

特定の原因、病態生理、症状、経過、予後、病理組織所見が全てそろった場合 (PSY.9)

• something that is very wrong with people's attitudes, way of life or with society.

関

ail、ailment、disease entity、disorder、ill、illness、malady、sick、sickness

• 注意

disease ≠ illness ≠ disorder

　 　 　

「hepatic」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 肝臓の、肝性の、肝の

関

hepato、hepatogenic、liver