WordNet
- with pain or distress or bitterness; "he took the rejection very hard"
- (of light) transmitted directly from a pointed light source (同)concentrated
- with firmness; "held hard to the railing" (同)firmly
- very strong or vigorous; "strong winds"; "a hard left to the chin"; "a knockout punch"; "a severe blow" (同)knockout, severe
- causing great damage or hardship; "industries hit hard by the depression"; "she was severely affected by the banks failure" (同)severely
- being distilled rather than fermented; having a high alcoholic content; "hard liquor" (同)strong
- unfortunate or hard to bear; "had hard luck"; "a tough break" (同)tough
- (of speech sounds); produced with the back of the tongue raised toward or touching the velum; "Russian distinguished between hard consonants and palatalized or soft consonants"
- dispassionate; "took a hard look"; "a hard bargainer";
- dried out; "hard dry rolls left over from the day before"
- earnestly or intently; "thought hard about it"; "stared hard at the accused"
- into a solid condition; "concrete that sets hard within a few hours"
- resisting weight or pressure
- slowly and with difficulty; "prejudices die hard"
- to the full extent possible; all the way; "hard alee"; "the ship went hard astern"; "swung the wheel hard left"
- very near or close in space or time; "it stands hard by the railroad tracks"; "they were hard on his heels"; "a strike followed hard upon the plants opening"
- with effort or force or vigor; "the team played hard"; "worked hard all day"; "pressed hard on the lever"; "hit the ball hard"; "slammed the door hard"
- the upper surface of the mouth that separates the oral and nasal cavities (同)roof of the mouth
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (物体が)『堅い』,(手触りが)堅固な,しっかりした / 『難しい』,努力を要する / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(人が)『精力的な』,勤勉な / 激しい,猛烈な / (生活などが)耐え難い,つらい / (季節・天候などが)厳しい;(雨・風などが)激しい / (人が)厳格な;(行為などが)容赦しない,無情な / (方針・条件などが)妥協(譲歩)しない,厳しい / (感情が)うらみを含む,憤然とした / (体が)筋肉質の,がんじょうな / (紙幣に対して)硬貨の,(小切手などに対して)現金の;(貨幣が)容易に兌換(だかん)できる / (子音が)硬音の(c,gがcome, goのように[k],[g]と発音される) / アルコール分の多い / (水が)硬質の / (エックス線が)透過能力が大きい / 一生懸命に,『熱心に』 / 『強く』,激しく,大いに / やっと,かろうじて / 『堅く』 / ひどく悲んで / 接近して
- 口蓋(こうがい),上あご / (…に対する)味覚;好み《+『for』+『名』》
- おや,はああ,ああ(驚き・喜び・疑い・ためらいなどを表す声)
- hectare; hectares
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/02/18 15:40:41」(JST)
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Hard palate |
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Mouth (oral cavity) |
Latin |
palatum durum |
Gray's |
subject #38 |
Artery |
greater palatine artery |
Nerve |
greater palatine nerve, nasopalatine nerve |
MeSH |
Hard+Palate |
The hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth. It spans the arch formed by the upper teeth.
It is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone.
It forms a partition between the nasal passages and the mouth. Also on the anterior portion of the roof of the hard palate is the Rugae which are the irregular ridges in the mucous membrane that help facilitate the movement of food backwards towards the pharynx. This partition is continued deeper into the mouth by a fleshy extension called the soft palate.
Contents
- 1 Function
- 2 Pathology
- 2.1 Cleft
- 2.2 Palatal abscesses
- 3 Additional images
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Function[edit]
The hard palate is important for feeding and speech. Mammals with a defective hard palate may die shortly after birth due to inability to suckle (see Cleft below). It is also involved in mastication in many species. The interaction between the tongue and the hard palate is essential in the formation of certain speech sounds, notably /t/, /d/, /j/, and /ɟ/.
Pathology[edit]
Cleft[edit]
In the birth defect called cleft palate, the left and right portions of this plate are not joined, forming a gap between the mouth and nasal passage (a related defect affecting the face is cleft lip).
While cleft palate has a severe impact upon the ability to nurse and speak, it is now successfully treated through reconstructive surgical procedures at an early age, where such procedures are available.
Palatal abscesses[edit]
The proximity of the dento-alveolar process explains the forming of palatal abscesses and the palatal mucosa and submucosa with its numerous glands and the squamous keratinized epithelium is in correlation with the rich tumoral pathology.[1]
Additional images[edit]
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The bony palate and alveolar arch.
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Base of skull. Inferior surface.
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Sagittal section of skull.
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Roof, floor, and lateral wall of left nasal cavity.
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Nerves of septum of nose. Right side.
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Lateral wall of nasal cavity.
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Coronal section of nasal cavities.
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Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx.
See also[edit]
- Electropalatograph
- Head and neck anatomy
- Maxilla
- Palate
- Soft palate
References[edit]
- ^ Alexandru Gabriel Roman, Mihaela Cernușcă Mițariu, Mihai Mițariu (Jun 2012). "The hard palat at the border between infectios and tumoral pathology" (HTML). Rev. chir. oro-maxilo-fac. implantol. (in (Romanian)) 3 (2): 14–17. ISSN 2069-3850. 68. Retrieved 2012-10-27. (webpage has a translation button)
External links[edit]
- Hard+palate at eMedicine Dictionary
- Anatomy diagram: 25420.000-1 at Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator, Elsevier
Head and neck anatomy, digestive system: Mouth anatomy (TA A05.1–2, TH H3.04.01, GA 11.1110–2, 1125–1141)
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Mouth |
Oral cavity
(including
mucosa) |
Vestibule |
Lip |
- Upper
- Lower
- Vermilion border
- Frenulum of lower lip
- Labial commissure of mouth
- Philtrum
|
|
Cheek |
|
|
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Oral cavity proper |
Palate/
roof of mouth |
- Hard palate
- Soft palate
- Palatine raphe
- Incisive papilla
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Gingiva |
- Interdental papilla
- Gingival sulcus
- Gingival margin
- Gingival fibers
- Junctional epithelium
- Mucogingival junction
- Sulcular epithelium
- Stippling
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- Periodontium: Cementum
- Gingiva
- Periodontal ligament
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Glands |
- Parotid gland/Parotid duct
- Submandibular gland/Submandibular duct
- Sublingual gland/Major sublingual duct
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Teeth |
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Tongue |
- dorsum
- Taste bud
- Median sulcus
- Terminal sulcus
- Foramen cecum
- Lingual tonsils
- ventral surface
- Frenulum
- Fimbriated fold
- Sublingual caruncle
- Anterior
- Posterior
- Glossoepiglottic folds
- Lingual septum
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|
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Oro-Pharynx/
fauces |
- Oropharyngeal isthmus/Isthmus of the fauces
|
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Soft palate |
- Uvula
- Palatoglossal arch
- Palatopharyngeal arch
- Plica semilunaris of the fauces
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- Tonsillar fossa
- Palatine tonsil
|
|
|
|
|
noco/cofa (c)/cogi/tumr, sysi
|
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Cone Beam Computed Tomography evaluation of palatal bone thickness for miniscrew placement in Down's syndrome.
- Diniz-Freitas M1, Seoane-Romero J2, Fernández-Varela M3, Abeleira MT4, Diz P5, Cadarso-Suárez C6, Guler I7, Limeres J8.
- Archives of oral biology.Arch Oral Biol.2015 Sep;60(9):1333-9. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.06.013. Epub 2015 Jun 22.
- OBJECTIVES: To quantify palatal bone thickness (PBT) in Down's syndrome (DS) patients in order to identify the best areas for miniscrew placement.DESIGN: The study group was formed of 40 DS patients (25 male and 15 female) with a mean age of 18.4±6.3 years (range, 9-40 years). A control group of 40
- PMID 26126288
- Branch of the canalis sinuosus: a rare anatomical variation-a case report.
- Torres MG1, de Faro Valverde L, Vidal MT, Crusoé-Rebello IM.
- Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA.Surg Radiol Anat.2015 Sep;37(7):879-81. doi: 10.1007/s00276-015-1432-9. Epub 2015 Jan 24.
- The canalis sinuosus (CS) is a neurovascular canal, a branch of the infraorbital canal through which the anterior superior alveolar nerve passes. There are no studies or case reports of anatomical variations related to this canal. A rare case of anatomical variation in the CS is reported that was de
- PMID 25616849
- Gross Morphometric Studies on the Tongue, Buccal Cavity and Hard Palate of the Fruit Bat (Eidolon helvum).
- Igado OO1, Omobowale TO2, Ajadi RA3, Nottidge HO2,3.
- Anatomia, histologia, embryologia.Anat Histol Embryol.2015 Aug;44(4):283-7. doi: 10.1111/ahe.12138. Epub 2014 Aug 13.
- This study was designed to assess the gross morphometric studies of the tongue, hard palate and buccal cavity of the fruit bat (Eidolon helvum). Sixty bats of both sexes were used for this study. The tongue was excised, and the weight and various linear measurements were determined. Linear measureme
- PMID 25115593
Japanese Journal
- Intracellular Signaling Pathway Activation via TGF-β Differs in the Anterior and Posterior Axis During Palatal Development
- 精神発達遅滞を有する進行口腔がん患者への外科治療経験
- 症例 硬口蓋粘膜を用いて鼻翼を再建した基底細胞癌の1例
Related Links
- hard palate 《医》硬口蓋 - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。 ... 硬口蓋 {こうこうがい} がん転移 {てんい} 「転移 ...
- hard pal·ate [TA] 1. the anterior part of the palate, consisting of the bony palate covered above by the mucous membrane of the floor of the nasal cavity and below by the mucoperiosteum of the roof of the mouth, which contains the ...
Related Pictures
![What Is A Cleft Palate?](https://1mg.info/0/3/5/2615.jpg)
![Soft and Hard palate, covered by mucosa.](https://1mg.info/0/3/5/2616.jpg)
![hard palate. This patient also suffers](https://1mg.info/0/3/5/2617.jpg)
![Hard Palate](https://1mg.info/0/3/5/2618.jpg)
![Cancer of the Hard Palate](https://1mg.info/0/3/5/2619.jpg)
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- hard palate (Z)
- ラ
- palatum durum
- 関
- 口腔、軟口蓋
[★]
- 関
- arduous、difficult、difficulty、distress、intractable、labored、recalcitrant、rigidity、trouble