同: growth hormone receptors

WordNet

cultivate by growing, often involving improvements by means of agricultural techniques; "The Bordeaux region produces great red wines"; "They produce good ham in Parma"; "We grow wheat here"; "We raise hogs here" (同)raise, farm, produce
come to have or undergo a change of (physical features and attributes); "He grew a beard"; "The patient developed abdominal pains"; "I got funny spots all over my body"; "Well-developed breasts" (同)develop, produce, get, acquire
become attached by or as if by the process of growth; "The tree trunks had grown together"
become larger, greater, or bigger; expand or gain; "The problem grew too large for me"; "Her business grew fast"
cause to grow or develop; "He grows vegetables in his backyard"
increase in size by natural process; "Corn doesnt grow here"; "In these forests, mushrooms grow under the trees"; "her hair doesnt grow much anymore"
(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; "he proposed an indicator of osseous development in children" (同)growing, maturation, development, ontogeny, ontogenesis
(pathology) an abnormal proliferation of tissue (as in a tumor)
a progression from simpler to more complex forms; "the growth of culture"
something grown or growing; "a growth of hair"
vegetation that has grown; "a growth of trees"; "the only growth was some salt grass"
a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response
the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect (同)endocrine, internal_secretion

PrepTutorEJDIC

『成長する』,育つ,〈植物が〉生える,茂る / (類・量・程などにおいて)『増大する』,大きくなる / 『しだいになる』 / …‘を'成長させる,大きくする,育てる / …から生じる(起こる)
〈U〉(…の)『成長』,発育;『発達』,発展《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(数・量,重要性・力などの)『増加』,増大,拡張《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《修飾語[句]を伴って》栽培,生産,…産 / 〈C〉成育した物,(草,木,髪,ひげなどの)生えたもの / 〈C〉腫瘍(しゅよう)
=sense organ / 受信装置
ホルモン

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/19 22:59:05」(JST)

wiki en

Growth hormone receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GHR gene.^[1] GHR orthologs ^[2] have been identified in most mammals.

This gene encodes a protein that is a transmembrane receptor for growth hormone. Binding of growth hormone to the receptor leads to receptor dimerization (the receptor may however also exist as a pre-assembled non-functional dimer ^[3]) and the activation of an intra- and intercellular signal transduction pathway leading to growth. A common alternate allele of this gene, called GHRd3, lacks exon three and has been well-characterized. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Laron syndrome, also known as the growth hormone insensitivity syndrome (GHIS), a disorder characterized by short stature (proportional dwarfism). Other splice variants, including one encoding a soluble form of the protein (GHRtr), have been observed but have not been thoroughly characterized.^[1] Laron mice (that is mice genetically engineered to carry defective Ghr), have a dramatic reduction in body mass (only reaching 50% of the weight of normal siblings), and also show a ~40% increase in lifespan.

Interactions

Growth hormone receptor has been shown to interact with SGTA,^[4] PTPN11,^[5]^[6] Janus kinase 2,^[7]^[8]^[9] Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1^[10] and CISH.^[10]

Evolution

The GHR gene is used in animals as a nuclear DNA phylogenetic marker.^[2] The exon 10 has first been experienced to explore the phylogeny of the major groups of Rodentia.^[11]^[12]^[13] GHR has also proven useful at lower taxonomic levels, e.g., in octodontoid,^[14] arvicoline,^[15] muroid,^[16]^[17] murine,^[18] and peromyscine ^[19] rodents, in arctoid ^[20] and felid ^[21] carnivores, and in dermopterans.^[22] Note that the GHR intron 9 has also been used to investigate the mustelid ^[23] and hyaenid ^[24] carnivores phylogenetics.

Antagonists

Growth hormone receptor antagonists such as pegvisomant (trade name Somavert) are used in the treatment of acromegaly.^[25] They are used if the tumor of the pituitary gland causing the acromegaly cannot be controlled with surgery or radiation, and the use of somatostatin analogues is unsuccessful. Pegvisomant is delivered as a powder that is mixed with water and injected under the skin.^[26]

References

^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: GHR growth hormone receptor".
^ ^a ^b "OrthoMaM phylogenetic marker: GHR coding sequence".
^ Gonzalez, L., L. M. Curto, et al. (2007). "Differential regulation of membrane associated-growth hormone binding protein (MA-GHBP) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) expression by growth hormone (GH) in mouse liver." Growth Horm IGF Res 17(2): 104-112.
^ Schantl, Julia A; Roza Marcel; De Jong Ad P; Strous Ger J (August 2003). "Small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat-containing protein (SGT) interacts with the ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis (UbE) motif of the growth hormone receptor". Biochem. J. (England) 373 (Pt 3): 855–63. doi:10.1042/BJ20021591. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 1223544. PMID 12735788.
^ Stofega, M R; Herrington J; Billestrup N; Carter-Su C (September 2000). "Mutation of the SHP-2 binding site in growth hormone (GH) receptor prolongs GH-promoted tyrosyl phosphorylation of GH receptor, JAK2, and STAT5B". Mol. Endocrinol. (UNITED STATES) 14 (9): 1338–50. doi:10.1210/me.14.9.1338. ISSN 0888-8809. PMID 10976913.
^ Moutoussamy, S; Renaudie F; Lago F; Kelly P A; Finidori J (June 1998). "Grb10 identified as a potential regulator of growth hormone (GH) signaling by cloning of GH receptor target proteins". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 273 (26): 15906–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.26.15906. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 9632636.
^ Frank, S J; Yi W; Zhao Y; Goldsmith J F; Gilliland G; Jiang J; Sakai I; Kraft A S (June 1995). "Regions of the JAK2 tyrosine kinase required for coupling to the growth hormone receptor". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 270 (24): 14776–85. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.24.14776. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 7540178.
^ VanderKuur, J A; Wang X; Zhang L; Campbell G S; Allevato G; Billestrup N; Norstedt G; Carter-Su C (August 1994). "Domains of the growth hormone receptor required for association and activation of JAK2 tyrosine kinase". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 269 (34): 21709–17. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 8063815.
^ Hellgren, G; Jansson J O; Carlsson L M; Carlsson B (June 1999). "The growth hormone receptor associates with Jak1, Jak2 and Tyk2 in human liver". Growth Horm. IGF Res. (SCOTLAND) 9 (3): 212–8. doi:10.1054/ghir.1999.0111. ISSN 1096-6374. PMID 10502458.
^ ^a ^b Ram, P A; Waxman D J (December 1999). "SOCS/CIS protein inhibition of growth hormone-stimulated STAT5 signaling by multiple mechanisms". J. Biol. Chem. (UNITED STATES) 274 (50): 35553–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.50.35553. ISSN 0021-9258. PMID 10585430.
^ Adkins RM, Gelke EL, Rowe D, Honeycutt RL (2001). "Molecular phylogeny and divergence time estimates for major rodent groups: evidence from multiple genes.". Mol Biol Evol 18 (5): 777–791. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003860. PMID 11319262.
^ Adkins R. M., Walton A. H. & Honeycutt R. L. (2003). "Higher-level systematics of rodents and divergence time estimates based on two congruent nuclear genes". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 26 (3): 409–420. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00304-4. PMID 12644400.
^ Blanga-Kanfi S., Miranda H., Penn O., Pupko T., DeBry R. W. & Huchon D. (2009). "Rodent phylogeny revised: analysis of six nuclear genes from all major rodent clades". BMC Evol. Biol. 9: 71. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-71. PMC 2674048. PMID 19341461.
^ Honeycutt R. L., Rowe D. L. & Gallardo M. H. (2003). "Molecular systematics of the South American caviomorph rodents: relationships among species and genera in the family Octodontidae". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 26 (3): 476–489. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00368-8. PMID 12644405.
^ Galewski T., Tilak M., Sanchez S., Chevret P., Paradis E. & Douzery E. J. P. (2006). "The evolutionary radiation of Arvicolinae rodents (voles and lemmings): relative contribution of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA phylogenies". BMC Evol. Biol. 6: 80. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-6-80. PMC 1618403. PMID 17029633.
^ Steppan S. J., Adkins R. M. & Anderson J. (2004). "Phylogeny and divergence-date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes". Syst. Biol. 53 (4): 533–553. doi:10.1080/10635150490468701. PMID 15371245.
^ Rowe K. C., Reno M. L., Richmond D. M., Adkins R. M. & Steppan S. J. (2008). "Pliocene colonization and adaptive radiations in Australia and New Guinea (Sahul): multilocus systematics of the old endemic rodents (Muroidea: Murinae)". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 47 (1): 84–101. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.001. PMID 18313945.
^ Lecompte E., Aplin K., Denys C., Catzeflis F., Chades M. & Chevret P. (2008). "Phylogeny and biogeography of African Murinae based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences, with a new tribal classification of the subfamily". BMC Evol. Biol. 8: 199. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-199. PMC 2490707. PMID 18616808.
^ Miller J. R. & Engstrom M. D. (2008). "The relationships of major lineages within peromyscine rodents: a molecular phylogenetic hypothesis and systematic reappraisal". J. Mammal. 89 (5): 1279–1295. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-195.1.
^ Fulton T. L. & Strobeck C. (2006). "Molecular phylogeny of the Arctoidea (Carnivora): effect of missing data on supertree and supermatrix analyses of multiple gene data sets". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 41 (1): 165–181. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.025. PMID 16814570.
^ Johnson W. E., Eizirik E., Pecon-Slattery J., Murphy W. J., Antunes A., Teeling E. & O'Brien S. J. (2006). "The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment". Science 311 (5757): 73–77. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146.
^ Janecka J. E., Helgen K. M., Lim N. T., Baba M., Izawa M., Boeadi & Murphy W. J. (2008). "Evidence for multiple species of Sunda colugo". Curr. Biol. 18 (21): R1001–R1002. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.005. PMID 19000793.
^ Koepfli K. P. & Wayne R. K. (2003). "Type I STS markers are more informative than cytochrome B in phylogenetic reconstruction of the Mustelidae (Mammalia: Carnivora)". Syst. Biol. 52 (5): 571–593. doi:10.1080/10635150390235368. PMID 14530127.
^ Koepfli K. P., Jenks S. M., Eizirik E., Zahirpour T., Van Valkenburgh B. & Wayne R. K. (2006). "Molecular systematics of the Hyaenidae: relationships of a relictual lineage resolved by a molecular supermatrix". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 38 (3): 603–620. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.10.017. PMID 16503281.
^ Schreiber, I; Buchfelder M; Droste M; et al. (January 2007). "Treatment of acromegaly with the GH receptor antagonist pegvisomant in clinical practice: safety and efficacy evaluation from the German Pegvisomant Observational Study". European Journal of Endocrinology 156 (1): 75–82. doi:10.1530/eje.1.02312. PMID 17218728.
^ "Scientific Discussion of Somavert" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 2004.

External links

Somatotropin receptors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Illustration at nih.gov
Overview
Growth Hormone Receptor: Molecule of the Month by Shuchismita Dutta and David Goodsell (April 2004)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成長ホルモンの生理学 physiology of growth hormone
2. 成長ホルモン不感受性症候群 growth hormone insensitivity syndromes
3. 慢性腎疾患を有する小児における成長障害の病因、評価および診断 pathogenesis evaluation and diagnosis of growth impairment in children with chronic kidney disease
4. 先端巨大症の治療 treatment of acromegaly
5. 小児における成長ホルモン欠乏症の治療 treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children

English Journal

Effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on phagocytic leucocytes of rainbow trout.

Yada T.AbstractTo clarify the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the fish immune system, in vitro effect of GnRH was examined in phagocytic leucocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Gene expression of GnRH-receptor was detected by RT-PCR in leucocytes from head kidney. Administration of sGnRH increased proliferation and mRNA levels of a proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, in trout leucocytes. Superoxide production in zymosan-stimulated phagocytic leucocytes was also increased by sGnRH in a dose-related manner from 0.01 to 100nM. There was no significant effect of sGnRH on mRNA levels of growth hormone (GH) expressed in trout phagocytic leucocytes. Immunoneutralization of GH by addition of anti-salmon GH serum into the medium could not block the stimulatory effect of sGnRH on superoxide production. These results indicate that GnRH stimulates phagocytosis in fish leucocytes through a GnRH-receptor-dependent pathway, and that the effect of GnRH is not mediated through paracrine GH in leucocytes.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP.Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol.2012 Mar;155(2):375-80. Epub 2011 Nov 7.
To clarify the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the fish immune system, in vitro effect of GnRH was examined in phagocytic leucocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Gene expression of GnRH-receptor was detected by RT-PCR in leucocytes from head kidney. Administration of sGnR
PMID 22085824

Maturation of the growth axis in marsupials occurs gradually during post-natal life and over an equivalent developmental stage relative to eutherian species.

Menzies BR, Shaw G, Fletcher TP, Pask AJ, Renfree MB.SourceARC Centre of Excellence for Kangaroo Genomics, Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
Molecular and cellular endocrinology.Mol Cell Endocrinol.2012 Feb 26;349(2):189-94. Epub 2011 Oct 25.
The separation of a nutrition-responsive insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system and a growth hormone (GH) responsive IGF system to control pre- and post-natal growth of developing mammals may originate from the constraints imposed by intra-uterine development. In eutherian species that deliver rela
PMID 22056413

Egg size-dependent expression of growth hormone receptor accompanies compensatory growth in fish.

Segers FH, Berishvili G, Taborsky B.SourceBehavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, , Wohlenstrasse 50a, 3032 Hinterkappelen, Switzerland, Division of Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, , 8057 Zürich, Switzerland, Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), , Schlossplatz 1, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria.
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society.Proc Biol Sci.2012 Feb 7;279(1728):592-600. Epub 2011 Jul 13.
Large egg size usually boosts offspring survival, but mothers have to trade off egg size against egg number. Therefore, females often produce smaller eggs when environmental conditions for offspring are favourable, which is subsequently compensated for by accelerated juvenile growth. How this rapid
PMID 21752823

Japanese Journal

Hepcidin expression in the liver of rats fed a magnesium-deficient diet.

Ishizaki Natsumi,Kotani Megumi,Funaba Masayuki,Matsui Tohru
The British journal of nutrition 106(8), 1169-1172, 2011-10
… In the present study, we examined the gene expression of Hepcidin, a peptide hormone produced in the liver to regulate intestinal Fe absorption negatively, in Mg-deficient rats. … Previous studies revealed that Fe overload up-regulated Hepcidin expression through transcriptional activation by Fe-induced bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) 6, a growth/differentiation factor belonging to the transforming growth factor-β family, in the liver. …
NAID 120003517962

PP-507 Growth hormone releasing hormone receptor(GHRHR)変異マウスにおいて前立腺癌細胞皮下移植腫瘍のホルモン依存性、非依存性発育は抑制される(発表・討論,一般演題ポスター,第99回日本泌尿器科学会総会)

高原健,ハワードタール,マジアーガファリ,マーチングリーブ,マイケルポラック,東治人,マイケルコックス,勝岡洋治
日本泌尿器科學會雜誌 102(2), 488, 2011-03-20
NAID 110008612880

Relationships Between the First Ovulation Postpartum and Polymorphism in Genes Relating to Function of Immunity, Metabolism and Reproduction in High-producing Dairy Cows

SHIRASUNA Koumei,KAWASHIMA Chiho,MURAYAMA Chiaki,AOKI Yuka,MASUDA Yutaka,KIDA Katsuya,MATSUI Motozumi,SHIMIZU Takashi,MIYAMOTO Akio
The Journal of reproduction and development 57(1), 135-142, 2011-02-01
… In metabolic function-related factors, ovulatory and anovulatory cows had a different distribution for alleles of the growth hormone receptor, but there were no significant differences in genotype and allele frequency of insulin-like growth factor-I polymorphism. …
NAID 10027901467

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「somatotropin receptor」「成長ホルモンレセプター」
拡張検索	「growth hormone receptor deficiency」「human growth hormone receptor」
関連記事	「grow」「hormone receptor」「growth」

「somatotropin receptor」

Growth hormone receptor
	PDB rendering based on 1a22.
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1A22, 1AXI, 1HWG, 1HWH, 1KF9, 2AEW, 3HHR
Identifiers
Symbols	GHR ; GHBP; GHIP
External IDs	OMIM: 600946 MGI: 95708 HomoloGene: 134 ChEMBL: 1976 GeneCards: GHR Gene
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• cytokine receptor activity; • protein binding; • peptide hormone binding; • growth factor binding; • protein kinase binding; • protein homodimerization activity; • proline-rich region binding;
Cellular component	• extracellular region; • extracellular space; • intracellular; • plasma membrane; • integral component of plasma membrane; • cell surface; • integral component of membrane; • receptor complex; • growth hormone receptor complex;
Biological process	• activation of MAPK activity; • allantoin metabolic process; • citrate metabolic process; • 2-oxoglutarate metabolic process; • succinate metabolic process; • oxaloacetate metabolic process; • isoleucine metabolic process; • valine metabolic process; • creatine metabolic process; • fatty acid metabolic process; • endocytosis; • JAK-STAT cascade; • cytokine-mediated signaling pathway; • taurine metabolic process; • receptor internalization; • response to estradiol; • cellular response to hormone stimulus; • regulation of multicellular organism growth; • positive regulation of multicellular organism growth; • positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein; • positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5 protein; • activation of JAK2 kinase activity; • multicellular organismal metabolic process; • creatinine metabolic process; • response to cycloheximide; • insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway; • positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation; • growth hormone receptor signaling pathway; • JAK-STAT cascade involved in growth hormone signaling pathway;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
	v; t; e;