WordNet

a gland in which gametes (sex cells) are produced (同)sex gland
of or relating to the gonads; "gonadal hormones"

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性腺(せん),生殖腺

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/05 20:57:44」(JST)

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a pair of fresh ovaries of Cyprinus carpio placed in dissecting dish

A gonad or sex gland or reproductive gland^[1] is an endocrine gland that produces the gametes (germ cells) of an organism. In the female of the species the reproductive cells are the egg cells, and in the male the reproductive cells are the sperm.^[2] The male gonad, the testicle, produces sperm in the form of spermatozoa. The female gonad, the ovary, produces egg cells. Both of these gametes, are haploid germ cells.

Regulation

The gonads are controlled by luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, produced and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary gland.^[3] This secretion is regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone produced in the hypothalamus.^[4]

Development

Gonads start developing as a common primordium (an organ in the earliest stage of development), in the form of gonadal ridges,^[5] and only later are differentiated to male or female sex organs. The presence of the SRY gene,^[6] located on the Y chromosome and encoding the testis determining factor, determines male sexual differentiation. In the absence of the SRY gene from the Y chromosome, the female sex (ovaries instead of testes) will develop. The development of the gonads is a part of the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.

References

^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sex+gland?r=66
^ http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/american/gonad
^ "gonadotropin". The Free Dictionary. Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. Elsevier. 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
^ John W. Kimball (12 February 2011). "Hormones of the Hypothalamus: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)". Kimball's Biology Pages. John W. Kimball (The Saylor Foundation). Retrieved 4 June 2012.
^ Satoh M.; Anat J. (August 1991). "Histogenesis and organogenesis of the gonad in human embryos". PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine) (Abstract). Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan. PMID 1769902. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ "Human Developmental Genetics". Institut Pasteur. Institut Pasteur. Retrieved 4 June 2012.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 外陰部異常を有する幼児の評価 evaluation of the infant with ambiguous genitalia
2. 男性における原発性性腺機能低下の原因 causes of primary hypogonadism in males
3. 正常な性分化 normal sexual differentiation
4. 小児におけるステロイド抵抗性特発性ネフローゼ症候群 steroid resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children
5. 精巣胚細胞腫瘍の臨床症状、診断、および病期分類 clinical manifestations diagnosis and staging of testicular germ cell tumors

English Journal

Low-dose gold nanoparticles exert subtle endocrine-modulating effects on the ovarian steroidogenic pathway ex vivo independent of oxidative stress.

Larson JK1, Carvan MJ 3rd, Teeguarden JG, Watanabe G, Taya K, Krystofiak E, Hutz RJ.
Nanotoxicology.Nanotoxicology.2014 Dec;8(8):856-66. doi: 10.3109/17435390.2013.837208.
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have gained considerable attention for application in science and industry. However, the untoward effects of such particles on female fertility remain unclear. The objectives of this study were to (1) examine the effects of 10-nm GNPs on progesterone and estradiol-17β accu
PMID 23992423

Seasonal variations of gene expression biomarkers in Mytilus galloprovincialis cultured populations: Temperature, oxidative stress and reproductive cycle as major modulators.

Jarque S1, Prats E2, Olivares A2, Casado M2, Ramón M3, Piña B2.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2014 Nov 15;499C:363-372. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.064. Epub 2014 Sep 7.
The blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis has been used as monitoring organism in many biomonitoring programs because of its broad distribution in South European sea waters and its physiological characteristics. Different pollution-stress biomarkers, including gene expression biomarkers, have been d
PMID 25203829

Fingerprint of persistent organic pollutants in tissues of Antarctic notothenioid fish.

Lana NB1, Berton P2, Covaci A3, Ciocco NF4, Barrera-Oro E5, Atencio A6, Altamirano JC7.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2014 Nov 15;499C:89-98. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.033. Epub 2014 Aug 29.
In the present work, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and metabolites, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were analyzed in three Antarctic notothenioids fish species: Trematomus
PMID 25173865

Japanese Journal

Age, growth, and reproductive characteristics of dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus in the waters off west Kyushu, northern East China Sea

Furukawa Seishiro,Ohshimo Seiji,Tomoe Seitaro
Fisheries science 78(6), 1153-1162, 2012-11
NAID 40019487280

通電加熱によるウニ・イクラなどの保存性向上

上田智広
日本水産學會誌 = Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 78(4), 798, 2012-07-15
NAID 10030499787

Tex 19 Paralogs Exhibit a Gonad and Placenta-Specific Expression in the Mouse

CELEBI Catherine,VAN MONTFOORT Aafke,SKORY Valerie,KIEFFER Emmanuelle,KUNTZ Sandra,MARK Manuel,VIVILLE Stephane
The Journal of reproduction and development 58(3), 360-365, 2012-06-01
We have previously suggested that TEX19, a mammalian-specific protein of which two paralogs exist in rodents, could be implicated in stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency. We have established here t …
NAID 10030821451

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「性腺」「生殖器系」「gonadal」「gonad gland」「genital gland」
拡張検索	「hypogonadotropic hypogonadism」「cataract-mental retardation-hypogonadism syndrome」「gonadectomy」「46,XX gonadal dysgenesis」「steroid-secreting tumor of gonads」

「性腺」

Gonad
Identifiers
FMA	18250
	Anatomical terminology

　　[★]

英: sexual gland, gonad
ラ: gonada, gonadum
同: 生殖腺 reproductive gland
関

発生第7週まで生殖腺に男女の別のは形態的に現れない。(L.303)
生殖堤：体腔上皮＋間葉凝縮
原始生殖細胞：発生の早期に尿膜に近い卵黄嚢壁の内胚葉細胞の間に出現。後腸の背側腸間膜に沿ってアメーバ様運動により移動。発生第5週の初めに原始生殖腺に達し、第6週に生殖堤に進入する。(L.303)
原始生殖索：原始生殖細胞が生殖堤に到達する直前またはその経過中に生殖堤の体腔上皮は活発に増殖し、上皮細胞はその下層の間葉へ進入する。これらの細胞により多数の不規則な細胞索を形成されたものをいう。(L.303)
未分化生殖腺：原始生殖索は表面の上皮と結合したままであり、男女の区別ができない。この状態の生殖腺を指す。(L.303)

男性の生殖腺 L.303-306

中間中胚葉	生殖堤	体腔上皮	体腔上皮	上皮
				白膜
			原始生殖索	セルトリ細胞
				生殖索	精巣網	精細管
		間葉	→	ライディッヒ細胞
卵黄嚢壁の内胚葉細胞		原始生殖細胞	→	→	→	精祖細胞
中間中胚葉	中腎管	中腎細管	→	→	→	輸出管
		→	→	→	→	精管

女性の生殖腺

中間中胚葉	生殖堤	体腔上皮 (表面上皮)	肥厚した表面上皮
		原始生殖索	皮質の原始生殖索	皮質索(二次皮質索)	卵胞細胞	原始卵胞
			髄質の原始生殖索	→消失して、卵巣髄質
卵黄嚢壁の内胚葉細胞		原始生殖細胞	皮質の原始生殖細胞	卵祖細胞
			髄質の原始生殖細胞	→消失して、卵巣髄質