WordNet

the time when something ends; "it was the death of all his plans"; "a dying of old hopes" (同)dying, demise
the time at which life ends; continuing until dead; "she stayed until his death"; "a struggle to the last" (同)last
the absence of life or state of being dead; "he seemed more content in death than he had ever been in life"
the permanent end of all life functions in an organism or part of an organism; "the animal died a painful death"
the act of killing; "he had two deaths on his conscience"
the event of dying or departure from life; "her death came as a terrible shock"; "upon your decease the capital will pass to your grandchildren" (同)decease, expiry
of or relating to a fetus; "fetal development" (同)foetal
the personification of death; "Death walked the streets of the plague-bound city"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『死』,死亡;死に方,死にざま / 〈U〉死んだ[ような]状体 / 《the~》(…の)絶滅,破滅《+『of』+『名』》 / 《the~》(…の)死の原因,命取り《+『of』+『名』》 / 《通例『D-』》死神(手に鎌(かマ)を持った黒装束の骸骨(がいこつ)で表される)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/13 12:17:01」(JST)

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Perinatal mortality (PNM), also perinatal death, refers to the death of a fetus or neonate and is the basis to calculate the perinatal mortality rate. Variations in the precise definition of the perinatal mortality exist specifically concerning the issue of inclusion or exclusion of early fetal and late neonatal fatalities. The World Health Organization defines perinatal mortality as the "number of stillbirths and deaths in the first week of life per 1,000 live births, the perinatal period commences at 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation and ends seven completed days after birth",^[1] but other definitions have been used.^[2]

The UK figure is about 8 per 1,000 and varies markedly by social class with the highest rates seen in Asian women. Globally about 2.6 million neonates died in 2013 before the first month of age down from 4.5 million in 1990.^[3]

Causes

Preterm birth is the most common cause of perinatal mortality, causing almost 30 percent of neonatal deaths.^[4] Infant respiratory distress syndrome, in turn, is the leading cause of death in preterm infants, affecting about 1% of newborn infants.^[5] Birth defects cause about 21 percent of neonatal death.^[4]

Fetal mortality

Fetal mortality refers to stillbirths or fetal death. It encompasses any death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation or 500 gm. In some definitions of the PNM early fetal mortality (week 20-27 gestation) is not included, and the PNM may only include late fetal death and neonatal death. Fetal death can also be divided into death prior to labor, antenatal (antepartum) death, and death during labor, intranatal (intrapartum) death.

Neonatal mortality

Early neonatal mortality refers to a death of a live-born baby within the first seven days of life, while late neonatal mortality covers the time after 7 days until before 28 days. The sum of these two represents the neonatal mortality. Some definitions of the PNM include only the early neonatal mortality. Neonatal mortality is affected by the quality of in-hospital care for the neonate. Neonatal mortality and postneonatal mortality (covering the remaining 11 months of the first year of life) are reflected in the Infant Mortality Rate.

Perinatal mortality rate

Top ten countries with the highest perinatal mortality rates - 2012^[6]^[7]^[8]
Rank	Country	PNMR	Rank	Country	PNMR
1	Pakistan	40.7	6	Afghanistan	29.0
2	Niger	32.7	7	Bangladesh	28.9
3	Sierra Leone	30.8	8	Republic of the Congo	28.3
4	Somalia	29.7	9	Lesotho	27.5
5	Guinea-Bissau	29.4	10	Angola	27.4
As per 2014 "Save the Children" report for intrapartum stillbirths and neonatal deaths on first day of birth (per 1,000 total births)

The PNMR refers to the number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 total births. It is usually reported on an annual basis. It is a major marker to assess the quality of health care delivery. Comparisons between different rates may be hampered by varying definitions, registration bias, and differences in the underlying risks of the populations.

PNMRs vary widely and may be below 10 for certain developed countries and more than 10 times higher in developing countries [1]. The WHO has not published contemporary data.

References

^ http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/maternal/maternal_perinatal/en/
^ Richardus JH, Graafmans WC, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Mackenbach JP (January 1998). "The perinatal mortality rate as an indicator of quality of care in international comparisons". Medical Care 36 (1): 54–66. doi:10.1097/00005650-199801000-00007. PMID 9431331.
^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.". Lancet 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
^ ^a ^b March of Dimes --> Neonatal Death Retrieved on November 10, 2014
^ Rodriguez RJ, Martin RJ, and Fanaroff, AA. Respiratory distress syndrome and its management. Fanaroff and Martin (eds.) Neonatal-perinatal medicine: Diseases of the fetus and infant; 7th ed. (2002):1001-1011. St. Louis: Mosby.
^ http://www.savethechildren.org/atf/cf/%7B9def2ebe-10ae-432c-9bd0-df91d2eba74a%7D/ENDING-NEWBORN-DEATHS.PDF
^ http://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/family/birth/million-babies-die-a-year-charity-1.1653041#.Uw791uNUCKU
^ http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2014/02/25/nigeria-pakistan-india-lead-the-world-in-infant-deaths/

External links

WHO 2005 report
European Perinatal Health Report 2010

UpToDate Contents

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1. 胎児死および死産：母親に対するカウンセリング fetal demise and stillbirth maternal care
2. 胎児死および死産：発生率、病因、および予防 fetal demise and stillbirth incidence etiology and prevention
3. 死産の評価 evaluation of stillbirth
4. 胎児死亡の誘発 induced fetal demise
5. 周産期死亡率 perinatal mortality

English Journal

Using publicly reported hospital data to predict obstetric quality.

Govindappagari S1,2, Friedman AM1,2, Chen L1, Ananth CV1,3, D'Alton ME1,2, Hershman DL2,3,4, Wright JD1,2.
The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians.J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.2017 Aug;30(16):1984-1991. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1236079. Epub 2016 Oct 3.
PMID 27624293

Role of lactoferrin in neonatal care: a systematic review.

Sharma D1, Shastri S2, Sharma P3.
The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians.J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.2017 Aug;30(16):1920-1932. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1232384. Epub 2016 Sep 21.
PMID 27593940

Impact of metabolic acidemia at birth on neonatal outcomes in infants born before 34 weeks' gestation.

Morgan JL1, Nelson DB1, Casey BM1, Bloom SL1, McIntire DD1, Leveno KJ1.
The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians.J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.2017 Aug;30(16):1902-1905. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1229767. Epub 2016 Sep 21.
PMID 27572420

Japanese Journal

胎児/早期新生児死亡の剖検50症例の臨床病理学的解析

産婦人科の進歩 68(2), 75-81, 2016-05
NAID 40020834321

ISP-23-1 Vaginal inflammatory preconditioning triggers fetal brain inflammation which contributes to block acute fetal death in response to amniotic LPS(Group 23 Maternal Complication 1,International Session Poster)