錐体外路系
WordNet
- (physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
- instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
- a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
- a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
- a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
- a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
- the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/13 05:04:42」(JST)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) |
| Extrapyramidal system |
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Medulla spinalis. (Extrapyramidal tracts are labeled as a group in red, at bottom left.)
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| Details |
| Latin |
Systema extrapyramidale |
| Identifiers |
| MeSH |
Extrapyramidal+tracts |
| NeuroNames |
ancil-623 |
Dorlands
/Elsevier |
s_33/12787420 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy |
In anatomy, the extrapyramidal system is a neural network that is part of the motor system causing involuntary movements. The system is called "extrapyramidal" to distinguish it from the tracts of the motor cortex that reach their targets by traveling through the "pyramids" of the medulla. The pyramidal pathways (corticospinal and some corticobulbar tracts) may directly innervate motor neurons of the spinal cord or brainstem (anterior (ventral) horn cells or certain cranial nerve nuclei), whereas the extrapyramidal system centers on the modulation and regulation (indirect control) of anterior (ventral) horn cells.
Extrapyramidal tracts are chiefly found in the reticular formation of the pons and medulla, and target neurons in the spinal cord involved in reflexes, locomotion, complex movements, and postural control. These tracts are in turn modulated by various parts of the central nervous system, including the nigrostriatal pathway, the basal ganglia, the cerebellum, the vestibular nuclei, and different sensory areas of the cerebral cortex. All of these regulatory components can be considered part of the extrapyramidal system, in that they modulate motor activity without directly innervating motor neurons.
The extrapyramidal system is very old and three of the four tracts of the human extrapyramidal system are clearly present in salamanders.[1][2]
The extrapyramidal tracts include parts of the following:[3]
- rubrospinal tract
- pontine reticulospinal tract
- medullary reticulospinal tract
- lateral vestibulospinal tract
- tectospinal tract
See also
- List of regions in the human brain
- Extrapyramidal symptoms
- Rabbit syndrome, a rare extrapyramidal side effect
- tectospinal tract
- reticulospinal tract
- vestibulospinal tract
References
- ^ "Brain of the Tiger Salamander" <https://sites.google.com/site/brainofthetigersalamander/>
- ^ "Extrapyramidal System - Children of the Amphioxus" https://sites.google.com/site/childrenoftheamphioxus/table-of-contents/extrapyramidal-system
- ^ http://www.amazon.com/BRS-Physiology-Board-Review-Series/dp/0781798760/
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The spinal cord
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| General features |
- Cervical enlargement
- Lumbar enlargement
- Conus medullaris
- Filum terminale
- Cauda equina
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| Grey matter |
| Posterior grey column |
- Marginal nucleus
- Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
- Nucleus proprius
- Spinal lamina V
- Spinal lamina VI
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| Lateral grey column |
- Intermediolateral nucleus
- Posterior thoracic nucleus
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| Anterior grey column |
- Interneuron
- Alpha motor neuron
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| Other |
- Rexed laminae
- Central gelatinous substance
- Gray commissure
- Central canal
- Terminal ventricle
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| White matter |
| Sensory |
| Posterior |
- Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway:
- Gracile
- Cuneate
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| Lateral: |
- Spinocerebellar
- Spinothalamic
- Posterolateral
- Spinotectal
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- Spinoreticular tract
- Spino-olivary tract
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| Motor |
| Lateral |
- Corticospinal
- Extrapyramidal
- Rubrospinal
- Olivospinal
- Raphespinal
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| Anterior |
- Corticospinal
- Extrapyramidal
- Vestibulospinal
- Reticulospinal
- Tectospinal
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| Both |
- Anterior white commissure
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| External features |
- Ventral
- Anterior median fissure
- Anterolateral sulcus
- Dorsal
- Posterior median sulcus
- Posterolateral sulcus
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Index of the central nervous system
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| Description |
- Anatomy
- meninges
- cortex
- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- lateral ventricles
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord
- Physiology
- Development
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| Disease |
- Cerebral palsy
- Meningitis
- Demyelinating diseases
- Seizures and epilepsy
- Headache
- Stroke
- Sleep
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- head and neck
- eponymous
- lesions
- Tests
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| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- general anesthetics
- analgesics
- addiction
- epilepsy
- cholinergics
- migraine
- Parkinson's
- vertigo
- other
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Brain and spinal cord: neural tracts and fasciculi
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Sensory/
ascending |
| PCML |
| 1°: |
- Pacinian corpuscle/Meissner's corpuscle → Posterior column (Gracile fasciculus/Cuneate fasciculus) → Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus
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| 2°: |
- → sensory decussation/arcuate fibers (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers) → Medial lemniscus/Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus (VPL, VPM)
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| 3°: |
- → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus
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Anterolateral/
pain |
| Fast/lateral |
- 1° (Free nerve ending → A delta fiber) → 2° (Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus) → 3° (Postcentral gyrus) → 4° (Posterior parietal cortex)
2° (Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum)
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| Slow/medial |
- 1° (Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation) → 2° (MD of Thalamus) → 3° (Cingulate cortex)
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Motor/
descending |
| Pyramidal |
- flexion: Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) → Neuromuscular junction
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| Extrapyramidal |
| flexion: |
- Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles
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| flexion: |
- Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract
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| extension: |
- Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract
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| extension: |
- Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract
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- Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck
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|
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| Basal ganglia |
| direct: |
1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 4° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 5° (Motor cortex)
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| indirect: |
1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPe) → 3° (Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus) → 4° (Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi) → 5° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 6° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 7° (Motor cortex)
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| nigrostriatal pathway: |
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| Cerebellar |
| Afferent |
- Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell
- Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell
- Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei
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|
| Efferent |
- Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex
- Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation, or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex
- Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nuclei
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Bidirectional:
Spinocerebellar |
Unconscious
proprioception |
- lower limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis)
- upper limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum)
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| Reflex arc |
- lower limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract→ SCP → Cerebellar vermis)
- upper limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum)
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Index of the central nervous system
|
|
| Description |
- Anatomy
- meninges
- cortex
- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- lateral ventricles
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord
- Physiology
- Development
|
|
| Disease |
- Cerebral palsy
- Meningitis
- Demyelinating diseases
- Seizures and epilepsy
- Headache
- Stroke
- Sleep
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- head and neck
- eponymous
- lesions
- Tests
|
|
| Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- general anesthetics
- analgesics
- addiction
- epilepsy
- cholinergics
- migraine
- Parkinson's
- vertigo
- other
|
|
|
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Pharmacogenetics of adverse events in schizophrenia treatment: Comparison study of ziprasidone, olanzapine and perazine.
- Tybura P1, Trześniowska-Drukała B1, Bienkowski P2, Beszlej A3, Frydecka D3, Mierzejewski P2, Samochowiec A4, Grzywacz A1, Samochowiec J5.
- Psychiatry research.Psychiatry Res.2014 Oct 30;219(2):261-7. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.039. Epub 2014 Jun 2.
- The primary aim of the present study was to assess the possible associations between dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic system-related genes and adverse events after antipsychotic treatment in paranoid schizophrenia patients. The second aim of the study was to compare the intensity of the
- PMID 24930580
- C-04Neuropsychological Consequences in a Patient with Serotonin Syndrome.
- Raymond M.
- Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists.Arch Clin Neuropsychol.2014 Sep;29(6):573. doi: 10.1093/arclin/acu038.185.
- OBJECTIVE: Serotonin syndrome is a severe, often life threatening adverse drug reaction, resulting from excessive serotonin involving the peripheral and central nervous system. This frequently manifests with autonomic, neurocognitive and behavioral/somatic symptoms. This case study describes the neu
- PMID 25176847
- Is There Chronic Brain Damage in Retired NFL Players? Neuroradiology, Neuropsychology, and Neurology Examinations of 45 Retired Players.
- Casson IR1, Viano DC2, Haacke EM3, Kou Z3, LeStrange DG4.
- Sports health.Sports Health.2014 Sep;6(5):384-95. doi: 10.1177/1941738114540270.
- BACKGROUND: Neuropathology and surveys of retired National Football League (NFL) players suggest that chronic brain damage is a frequent result of a career in football. There is limited information on the neurological statuses of living retired players. This study aimed to fill the gap in knowledge
- PMID 25177413
Japanese Journal
- Pathophysiological Roles of Serotonergic System in Regulating Extrapyramidal Motor Functions
- Ohno Yukihiro,Shimizu Saki,Tokudome Kentaro
- Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 36(9), 1396-1400, 2013
- … The serotonergic nervous system plays crucial roles in regulating psycho-emotional, cognitive, sensori-motor and autonomic functions. … 5-HT) receptors regulate extrapyramidal motor functions, which are implicated in pathogenesis and/or treatment of various neurological disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease and drug-induced extrapyramidal motor deficits). …
- NAID 130003361521
- EFFECT OF DOPAMINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST ON CONSTIPATION IN THE RAT MODEL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE
- 齋藤 悠,砂川 正隆,岩波 弘明,五味 範浩,貴島 健,齊藤 洋幸,須賀 大樹,福島 正也,渡邊 一惠,久光 正,谷川 博人
- 昭和医学会雑誌 72(1), 100-107, 2012
- … Parkinson's disease, PD, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extrapyramidal symptoms, is often associated with non-motor symptoms. … Intestinal motility is regulated by extrinsic autonomic nerves, the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the interstitial cells of Cajal. … Of these forms of regulation, we have been focusing attention on the dopaminergic nervous system in ENS to investigate its involvement in constipation of PD model rats. …
- NAID 130002582880
- 岩崎 靖,森 恵子,伊藤 益美,出口 晃,吉田 眞理
- 臨床神経学 51(6), 426-429, 2011
- 症例は死亡時86歳の男性である．80歳時に行動異常で発症し，反社会的で自己中心的な行動がめだった．病理学的検索により前頭側頭葉萎縮と側脳室拡大，ユビキチン陽性/TDP-43陽性/タウ陰性の変性神経突起をみとめた．TDP-43 proteinopathyを確認できた高齢発症の前頭側頭葉変性症の貴重な剖検例と思われた．
- NAID 130004504985
Related Links
- extrapyramidal [eks″trah-pĭ-ram´ĭ-d'l] outside the pyramidal tracts. extrapyramidal disease (extrapyramidal syndrome) any of a group of clinical disorders marked by abnormal involuntary movements, alterations in muscle tone, and ...
- The extrapyramidal system is a network of nerves that helps regulate motion. Certain medical conditions can affect it, including... ... Anatomically, this system is comprised of collections of neurons in the brain stem, including red ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- extrapyramidal tract
- ラ
- tractus extrapyramidalis
- 関
- 錐体路、movement disorder、extrapyramidal system
- 錐体外路症候群は、大脳基底核から始まる錐体路以外の下行性伝達経路が傷害されることで生じると考えられてきた。
- 大脳基底核からの下行性の線維はわずかであり、ほとんどが大脳皮質に投射する
- 従って、錐体外路という概念は正しくない
[★]
- 英
- extrapyramidal motor system
- 同
- 錐体外路系 extrapyramidal system
[★]
- 英
- extrapyramidal system
- 関
- 錐体外路運動系
[★]
- 関
- method、series、strain
[★]
- 関
- extrapyramidal tract