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small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre

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(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/16 21:27:55」(JST)

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Enterochromaffin (EC) cells, or "Kulchitsky cells", are a type of enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cell^[1] occurring in the epithelia lining the lumen of the digestive tract and the respiratory tract that release serotonin.

Distribution

In the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the EC cells are distributed widely in the epithelium of the stomach,^[2] small bowel and colon.

Function

They use the rate-limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (TPH-1) to synthesize serotonin and contain about 90% of the body's stores of serotonin (5-HT).^[3]

In the gastrointestinal tract, 5-HT is important in response to chemical, mechanical^[4] or pathological stimuli in the lumen. It activates both secretory and peristaltic reflexes, and activates vagal afferents (via 5-HT₃ receptors) that signal to the brain (important in the generation of nausea). Ondansetron is an antagonist of the 5-HT₃ receptor and is an effective anti-emetic.

Origin

The enterochromaffin cells are derived from the same stem cells as the rest of the epithelium, and are not derived from the migratory neural crest source that provides the enteric nervous system.^[5]

Etymology

They are called "entero"^[6] meaning related to the gut and "chromaffin" because of a chromium salt reaction that they share with chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla (adrenal glands).^[7]

"Enterochromaffin-like cells"

Another population of chromaffin cells is found only in the stomach wall, called enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL). They look like EC cells but do not contain 5-HT.

ECL cells respond to gastrin released by G-cells and they release histamine, which will stimulate the parietal cells to produce gastric acid.

Pathophysiology

The neuroendocrine progenitors to enterochromaffin cells in the bronchial epithelium have been implicated in the origin of small cell lung cancer.^[8]

References

^ Enterochromaffin Cells at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
^ Simonsson, M. et al. (1988) Endocrine Cells in the Human Oxyntic Mucosa: A Histochemical Study. Scand J Gastro. 23(9):1089-99.
^ Josef Donnerer; Fred Lembeck (2006). The chemical languages of the nervous system: history of scientists and substances. Karger Publishers. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-3-8055-8004-5. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
^ Bulbring, E., Crema, A., The release of 5-hydroxytryptamine in relation to pressure exerted on the intestinal mucosa. J Physiol 1959;146(1):18-28.
^ Thompson M, Fleming KA, Evans DJ, Fundele R, Surani MA, Wright NA (October 1990). "Gastric endocrine cells share a clonal origin with other gut cell lineages". Development 110 (2): 477–81. PMID 2133551.
^ Entero- definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms
^ 1516961798 at GPnotebook
^ eMedicine - Lung Cancer, Small Cell : Article by Abid Irshad

This cell biology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 気管支神経内分泌（カルチノイド）腫瘍：疫学、危険因子、分類、組織学的検査、診断、および病期分類 bronchial neuroendocrine carcinoid tumors epidemiology risk factors classification histology diagnosis and staging
2. 多発性内分泌腫瘍1型：定義および遺伝学 multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 definition and genetics
3. 大型の胃粘膜ひだ：過形成および非過形成性の胃疾患 large gastric folds hyperplastic and nonhyperplastic gastropathies
4. カルチノイド腫瘍の臨床的特徴 clinical characteristics of carcinoid tumors
5. 小児における慢性下痢の原因の概要 overview of the causes of chronic diarrhea in children

English Journal

The clinical implications and biologic relevance of neurofilament expression in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms.

Schimmack S, Lawrence B, Svejda B, Alaimo D, Schmitz-Winnenthal H, Fischer L, Büchler MW, Kidd M, Modlin I.SourceGastrointestinal Pathobiology Research Group, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; University Hospital of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
Cancer.Cancer.2012 May 15;118(10):2763-75. doi: 10.1002/cncr.26592. Epub 2011 Oct 11.
BACKGROUND: Although gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) exhibit widely divergent behavior, limited biologic information (apart from Ki-67) is available to characterize malignancy. Therefore, the identification of alternative biomarkers is a key unmet need. Given the role of i
PMID 21990041

Type 2 cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Regulates Proliferation and Differentiation in the Colonic Mucosa.

Wang R, Kwon IK, Thangaraju M, Singh N, Liu K, Jay P, Hofmann F, Ganapathy V, Browning DD.Source1Georgia Health Sciences University.
American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol.2012 May 3. [Epub ahead of print]
Signaling through cGMP has emerged as an important regulator of tissue homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract but the mechanism is not known. Type 2 cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG2) is a major cGMP effector in the gut epithelium and the present studies have tested its importance in the regula
PMID 22556146

Japanese Journal

Serotonin- and Somatostatin-Positive Goblet Cell Carcinoid of the Duodenum

Acta Medica Okayama 66(4), 351-356, 2012-08
NAID 120004622484

幽門洞切除によって全腫瘍を消失しえたA型胃炎に伴う多発性胃カルチノイドの1例

日本消化器外科学会雑誌 45(1), 30-37, 2012
NAID 130004908080

ヒスタミン

日本食品科学工学会誌 : Nippon shokuhin kagaku kogaku kaishi = Journal of the Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology 57(8), 366, 2010-08-15
NAID 10026526056

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「鎮吐薬」「腸クロム親和性細胞」「腸クロマフィン細胞」
関連記事	「enterochromaffin」「cell」

「鎮吐薬」

Enterochromaffin cell
	Serotonin
Details
Identifiers
Latin	endocrinocytus EC
MeSH	Enterochromaffin+Cells
Code	TH H3.04.02.0.00029
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: antiemetic drug, antiemetic,antiemetic drugs, antinauseant
同: 制吐薬 "鎮吐"の方が一般的らしい
関: 薬理学、鎮吐薬一覧、セロトニン受容体、嘔吐

語尾が"-setron"

抗セロトニン薬

GOO. 1000-
嘔吐が起こるのは
　①嘔吐中枢
　　延髄、網様体背外側部
　②chemoreceptor trigger zone(CTz)
　　第4脳室
　　ジキタリスが刺激

　中枢性嘔吐：嘔吐中枢とCTzを刺激
　反射性嘔吐：消化管→求心路→嘔吐中枢

　抗ガン剤投与時に起きる吐き気の機序
　①血中に入った抗ガン剤が直接CTzを刺激
　②抗癌剤により腸管細胞(enterochromaffin cell)から化学神経伝達物質が生産され、CTzを経てあるいは直接嘔吐中枢に作用する。

　中枢神経終末にある5-HT3受容体を介して嘔吐が起こる