WordNet

come on stage
to come or go into; "the boat entered an area of shallow marshes" (同)come_in, get_into, get_in, go_into, go in, move into
become a participant; be involved in; "enter a race"; "enter an agreement"; "enter a drug treatment program"; "enter negotiations" (同)participate
(physiology) the organic process of nourishing or being nourished; the processes by which an organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and maintenance
the scientific study of food and drink (especially in humans)

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘に'『入る』,入り込む / 〈弾丸などが〉…‘を'突き通す,‘に'入り込む(penetrate) / …‘の'『一員となる』,‘に'入る;…‘に'参加する / (…に)〈人〉‘を'入学させる;(競争などに)〈人・動物など〉‘を'参加させる《+『名』+『in』(『for』)+『名』》 / (…に)…‘を'記入する,登録する《+『名』+『in』(『into, on』)+『名』》 / 〈新しい生活・局面など〉‘に'入る / 〈異議など〉‘を'正式に申し出る / 『入る』 / 登場する
(生物の)栄養摂取 / 栄養分,食物

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/18 00:11:00」(JST)

wiki en

In general medicine, enteral nutrition or drug administration (Greek enteros , "intestine") is feeding or drug administration by the digestion process of a gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as the human gastrointestinal tract. This contrasts with parenteral nutrition or drug administration (Greek para, "besides" + enteros), which occurs from routes outside the GI tract, such as intravenous routes.Generally, drugs are given by two general methods: enteral and parenteral administration. Enteral administration involves the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines (i.e., the gastrointestinal tract). Methods of administration include oral, sublingual (dissolving the drug under the tongue), and rectal. Parenteral routes do not involve the gastrointestinal tract.^[1] In pharmacology, the route of drug administration is important because it affects drug metabolism, drug clearance, and thus dosage.

Forms of enteral administration

Enteral administration may be divided into three different categories, depending on the entrance point into the GI tract: oral (by mouth), gastric (through the stomach), and rectal (from the rectum). (Gastric introduction involves the use of a tube through the nasal passage (NG tube) or a tube in the belly leading directly to the stomach (PEG tube). Rectal administration usually involves rectal suppositories.)

Oral administration		Rectal administration
Solids	Liquids	-
Pill	Solution	Ointment
Tablet	Softgel	Suppository
Time release technology	Suspension	Enema
Osmotic controlled release capsule	Emulsion	Murphy drip
	Syrup	Nutrient enema
	Elixir
	Tincture
	hydrogel

Drug absorption from the intestine

The mechanism for drug absorption from the intestine is for most drugs passive transfer, a few exceptions include levodopa and fluorouracil, which are both absorbed through carrier-mediated transport. For passive transfer to occur, the drug has to diffuse through the lipid cell membrane of the epithelial cells lining the inside of the intestines. The rate at which this happens is largely determined by two factors: Ionization and lipid solubility.^[2]

Factors influencing gastrointestinal absorption:

Gastrointestinal motility.
Splanchnic blood flow.
Particle size and formulation.
Physicochemical factors.

First pass metabolism

Drugs given by enteral administration may be subjected to significant first pass metabolism, and therefore, the amount of drug entering the systemic circulation following administration may vary significantly for different individuals and drugs. Rectal administration is not subject to extensive first pass metabolism.

References

^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/188838/enteral-administration
^ Rang, H. P. (2007). Rang and Dale's Pharmacology. Elsevier. p. 104. ISBN 0-443-06911-5.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 重症患者における栄養補給：経腸栄養 nutrition support in critically ill patients enteral nutrition
2. 経腸栄養：経胃栄養と幽門後経管栄養の比較 enteral feeding gastric versus post pyloric
3. 早産児における経腸栄養に対するアプローチ approach to enteral nutrition in the premature infant
4. 乳児および幼児における経腸栄養 enteral nutrition in infants and children
5. 経鼻胃管と経鼻腸管 nasogastric and nasoenteric tubes

English Journal

Nutritional treatment for acute and chronic traumatic brain injury patients.

Curtis L1, Epstein P.
Journal of neurosurgical sciences.J Neurosurg Sci.2014 Sep;58(3):151-60. Epub 2014 May 20.
Proper nutrition is critical for recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Prompt enteral feeding of moderate to severe TBI patients has been associated with significantly lower mortality and rates of infection. Probiotic supplementation has been associated with significantly lower rates of infect
PMID 24844176

Randomized clinical trial: nasoenteric tube or jejunostomy as a route for nutrition after major upper gastrointestinal operations.

Torres Júnior LG1, de Vasconcellos Santos FA, Correia MI.
World journal of surgery.World J Surg.2014 Sep;38(9):2241-6. doi: 10.1007/s00268-014-2589-9.
BACKGROUND: Curative treatment of upper gastrointestinal tract neoplasms is complex and associated with high morbidity and mortality. In general, the patients are already malnourished, and early postoperative enteral nutrition is recommended. However, there is no consensus concerning the best entera
PMID 24806623

Artificial Nutritional Support in Cancer Patients after Esophagectomy: 11 Years of Experience.

Llop-Talaveron JM1, Farran-Teixidor L, Badia-Tahull MB, Virgili-Casas M, Leiva-Badosa E, Galán-Guzmán MC, Miró-Martin M, Aranda-Danso H.
Nutrition and cancer.Nutr Cancer.2014 Aug 7:1-9. [Epub ahead of print]
Esophageal cancer represents a high-risk group of patients. This study determines the association of artificial nutrition with morbidity, mortality, and survival and studies clinical situations that determine the choice between enteral (EN) and parenteral support (PN). This retrospective single-cent
PMID 25102052

Japanese Journal

日本PTEG研究会の設立と軌跡-亀岡信悟会長に心からの感謝を込めて-,

大石英人
東京女子医科大学雑誌 85(E1), E71-E75, 2015-03-31
経皮経食道胃管挿入術Percutaneous Trans-Esophageal Gastro-tubing (PTEG/ピーテグ)は、経皮内視鏡的胃瘻造設術Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (PEG/ペグ)の実施が不能もしくは困難な症例に対し平成6年に考案開発され、主に経管経腸栄養法や腸管減圧法に用いられている。平成14年には日本PTEG研究会Japan As …
NAID 110009888986

脳梗塞患者の褥瘡予防における多価不飽和脂肪酸栄養投与の検討

黒川佳子,小川薫,桑村淳子 [他]
順天堂保健看護研究 = Juntendo journal of health sciences and nursing 3, 15-20, 2015-03
NAID 40020415208

静脈栄養単独から経腸栄養併用への切替により生じた血清リチウム濃度上昇の症例

後藤英和,富田隆,道喜将太郎 [他]
薬学雑誌 135(4), 643-646, 2015
NAID 40020418423

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「経管栄養」「経腸栄養法」「enteral feeding」「enteral alimentation」「EN」
拡張検索	「home parenteral nutrition」「parenteral nutrition」「peripheral parenteral nutrition」
関連記事	「enteral」「enter」