WordNet

travel or traverse (a distance); "This car does 150 miles per hour"; "We did 6 miles on our hike every day"
the syllable naming the first (tonic) note of any major scale in solmization (同)doh, ut
proceed or get along; "How is she doing in her new job?"; "How are you making out in graduate school?"; "Hes come a long way" (同)fare, make_out, come, get along
create or design, often in a certain way; "Do my room in blue"; "I did this piece in wood to express my love for the forest" (同)make
carry on or function; "We could do with a little more help around here" (同)manage
get (something) done; "I did my job" (同)perform
relying on or requiring a person or thing for support, supply, or what is needed; "dependent children"; "dependent on moisture"
addicted to a drug (同)dependant, drug-addicted, hooked, strung-out
contingent on something else (同)dependant, qualified
(of a clause) unable to stand alone syntactically as a complete sentence; "a subordinate (or dependent) clause functions as a noun or adjective or adverb within a sentence" (同)subordinate
treat with an agent; add (an agent) to; "The ray dosed the paint"
the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time (同)dosage
a measured portion of medicine taken at any one time (同)dosage
treated with some kind of application; "a mustache dosed with bear grease"

PrepTutorEJDIC

《疑問文・否定文を作る》 / 《否定命令文を作る》 / 《助動詞とbe動詞のどちらも含まない文に用いて付加疑問を作る》 / 《強意語として》 / 《文》《助動詞とbe動詞のどちらも含まない文に用いて倒置文を作る》 / 《あいづちを打つ場合に》 / 《先行する動詞またはそれを含む述部の代用》 / 《so,nor,neitherで始まる簡略文で》 / …‘を'『する』,行う,果たす / 《通例have done,時にbe doneの形で》…‘を'『終える』,済ませる / …‘を'作る,作り出す / …‘を'『処理する』,整える,片付ける / 〈学課〉‘を'『勉強する』,専攻する / 〈利益・害など〉‘を'与える,もたらす / 〈人〉‘に'『役立つ』,用が足りる(serve) / …の速度で進む,距離を行く / …‘を'見物する / 〈劇〉‘を'上演する;…‘の'役を演じる / …の役目(仕事)をする / 《おもに英》…‘を'だます,かつぐ / 《話》…をへとへとにさせる / 『する』;活動する / 《通例have done,時にbe doneの形で》(…を)『終える』,済ます《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈事が〉『運ぶ』;〈人が〉暮らしていく,健康である / 〈物が〉(…に)『間に合う』,十分である;〈人が〉(…に)役に立つ,向く《+『for』+『名』》 / 《複数形で》すべきこと / 〈C〉《おもに英》大宴会,大パーティー / 〈C〉《英話》詐欺,ぺてん
ド(全音階の第1音)
『頼っている』,依存している,従属している / 扶養される人(家族)
(おもに飲み薬1回分の)『服用量』 / (痛いこと・いやなことの)1回分,一定量 / (人などが受ける放射線の)線量 / 性病 / (…を)…‘に'投薬する,服用させる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/18 21:03:53」(JST)

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Semi-log plots of two agonists with different K_d; the blue curve indicates a more potent agonist than the green curve (higher response for the same dose).

The dose–response relationship, or exposure–response relationship, describes the change in effect on an organism caused by differing levels of exposure (or doses) to a stressor (usually a chemical) after a certain exposure time.^[1] This may apply to individuals (e.g.: a small amount has no significant effect, a large amount is fatal), or to populations (e.g.: how many people or organisms are affected at different levels of exposure).

Studying dose response, and developing dose–response models, is central to determining "safe" and "hazardous" levels and dosages for drugs, potential pollutants, and other substances to which humans or other organisms are exposed. These conclusions are often the basis for public policy. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has developed extensive guidance and reports on dose-response modeling and assessment, as well as software.^[2]

Dose–response relationships generally depend on the exposure time and exposure route (e.g., inhalation, dietary intake); quantifying the response after a different exposure time or for a different route leads to a different relationship and possibly different conclusions on the effects of the stressor under consideration. This limitation is caused by the complexity of biological systems and the often unknown biological processes operating between the external exposure and the adverse cellular or tissue response.

Dose–response curve[edit]

A dose–response curve is a simple X–Y graph relating the magnitude of a stressor (e.g. concentration of a pollutant, amount of a drug, temperature, intensity of radiation) to the response of the receptor (e.g. organism under study). The response may be a physiological or biochemical response, or even death (mortality), and thus can be counts (or proportion, e.g., mortality rate), ordered descriptive categories (e.g., severity of a lesion), or continuous measurements (e.g., blood pressure).^[3] A number of effects (or endpoints) can be studied, often at different organizational levels (e.g., population, whole animal, tissue, cell).

The measured dose (usually in milligrams, micrograms, or grams per kilogram of body-weight for oral exposures or milligrams per cubic meter of ambient air for inhalation exposures) is generally plotted on the X axis and the response is plotted on the Y axis. Other dose units include moles per body-weight, moles per animal, and for dermal exposure, moles per square centimeter. In some cases, it is the logarithm of the dose that is plotted on the X axis, and in such cases the curve is typically sigmoidal, with the steepest portion in the middle. Biologically based models using dose are preferred over the use of log(dose) because the latter can visually imply a threshold dose when in fact there is none.

The first point along the graph where a response above zero (or above the control response) is reached is usually referred to as a threshold-dose. For most beneficial or recreational drugs, the desired effects are found at doses slightly greater than the threshold dose. At higher doses, undesired side effects appear and grow stronger as the dose increases. The more potent a particular substance is, the steeper this curve will be. In quantitative situations, the Y-axis often is designated by percentages, which refer to the percentage of exposed individuals registering a standard response (which may be death, as in LD₅₀). Such a curve is referred to as a quantal dose-response curve, distinguishing it from a graded dose-response curve, where response is continuous (either measured, or by judgment).

A commonly used dose-response curve is the EC₅₀ curve, the half maximal effective concentration, where the EC₅₀ point is defined as the inflection point of the curve.

Statistical analysis of dose-response curves may be performed by regression methods such as the probit model or logit model, or other methods such as the Spearman-Karber method. Empirical models based on nonlinear regression are usually preferred over the use of some transformation of the data that linearizes the dose-response relationship.^[4]

Dose–response curves can be fit to the Hill equation (biochemistry) to determine cooperativity.

Problems with linear model[edit]

The concept of linear dose-response relationship, thresholds, and all-or-nothing responses may not apply to non-linear situations. A threshold model or linear no-threshold model may be more appropriate, depending on the circumstances. A recent critique^[5] of these models as they apply to endocrine disruptors argues for a substantial revision of testing and toxicological models at low doses.

References[edit]

^ Crump, KS; Hoel DG, Langley CH, Peto R. (1976). "Fundamental Carcinogenic Processes and Their Implications for Low Dose Risk Assessment". Cancer Research 36 ((9_Part1)): 2973–2979.
^ U.S. EPA (2009). Benchmark Dose Software (BMDS) Version 2.1 User's Manual Version 2.0, DRAFT. Doc No.: 53-BMDS-RPT-0028. Washington, DC: Office of Environmental Information.
^ Altshuler, B (1981). "Modeling of Dose-Response Relationships". Environ Health Perspect 42: 23–27.
^ Bates, D. and D. Watts (1988). Nonlinear regression analysis. New York: John Wiley and Sons. p. 365.
^ http://edrv.endojournals.org/content/33/3/378.full.pdf+html?sid=5d7f1eaf-6733-4664-b760-c83b89ec0075

External links[edit]

Online Tool for ELISA Analysis
Online IC₅₀ Calculator
Ecotoxmodels A website on mathematical models in ecotoxicology, with emphasis on toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic models

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Effects of microcystin-LR exposure on matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 expression and cancer cell migration.

Zhang Z, Zhang XX, Qin W, Xu L, Wang T, Cheng S, Yang L.SourceState Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.2012 Mar;77:88-93. Epub 2011 Nov 14.
This study assessed the effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) exposure on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression and cancer cell migration. After male mice were orally administered with different concentrations of MC-LR for 270d, histopathologic observation revealed an obvious hepatic lymphocyte in
PMID 22088328

Secreted Opisthorchis viverrini glutathione S-transferase regulates cell proliferation through AKT and ERK pathways in cholangiocarcinoma.

Daorueang D, Thuwajit P, Roitrakul S, Laha T, Kaewkes S, Endo Y, Thuwajit C.SourceGraduate School, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
Parasitology international.Parasitol Int.2012 Mar;61(1):155-61. Epub 2011 Jul 19.
Opisthorchis viverrini can develop mitogenic substances into the excretory/secretory product (ESP) that may play an important role in promoting the genesis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). In the present study, glutathione S-transferase (GST) is identified as being secreted into Ov-ESP and acting as one
PMID 21782971

Japanese Journal

Cytotoxic Effects of the Radiocontrast Agent Iotrolan and Anesthetic Agents Bupivacaine and Lidocaine in Three-Dimensional Cultures of Human Intervertebral Disc Nucleus Pulposus Cells: Identification of the Apoptotic Pathways

Iwasaki Koji,Sudo Hideki,Yamada Katsuhisa,Ito Manabu,Iwasaki Norimasa
PLOS ONE 9(3), e92442, 2014-03-18
… In contrast, both the anesthetic agents significantly decreased cell viability and increased the apoptotic cell number in a time-and dose-dependent manner. …
NAID 120005434500

Effect of the coadministration of citalopram with mirtazapine or atipamezole on rat contextual conditioned fear

Masuda Takahiro,Inoue Takeshi,An Yan,Takamura Naoki,Nakagawa Shin,Kitaichi Yuji,Koyama Tsukasa,Kusumi Ichiro
Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment 10, 289-295, 2014-02-11
… Results: Mirtazapine decreased freezing in a dose-dependent manner, which is consistent with a previous report; … it also enhanced an anxiolytic-like effect at a high dose (30 mg/kg) of citalopram. … Similar to mirtazapine, atipamezole reduced freezing dose-dependently, but the enhancement of citalopram's effects by atipamezole was not clear when compared with mirtazapine. …
NAID 120005411141

Effects of a newly developed potent orexin-2 receptor-selective antagonist, compound 1 m, on sleep/wakefulness states in mice

Etori Keishi,Saito Yuki C.,Tsujino Natsuko,Sakurai Takeshi
Frontiers in Neuroscience 2014(8), 8, 2014-01
… After oral administration in the dark period, both C1m and suvorexant decreased wakefulness time with similar efficacy in a dose-dependent manner. …
NAID 120005452005

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「用量依存」「用量依存的」「用量依存性」「dose dependency」
拡張検索	「dose-dependent manner」「dose-dependent fashion」「dose-dependently」
関連記事	「dependent」「do」「dose」「dosing」