discussion

• n.

• 考察、討論、議論、討議

関

argue、argument、consideration、debate、discuss、dispute

参考

• 1.

http://www.ytrans.com/McQ_17.html

　 　 　

WordNet

1. an exchange of views on some topic; "we had a good discussion"; "we had a word or two about it" (同)give-and-take, word
2. an extended communication (often interactive) dealing with some particular topic; "the book contains an excellent discussion of modal logic"; "his treatment of the race question is badly biased" (同)treatment, discourse
3. present reasons and arguments (同)reason
4. have an argument about something (同)contend, debate, fence
5. give evidence of; "The evidence argues for your claim"; "The results indicate the need for more work" (同)indicate
6. a discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal; "the argument over foreign aid goes on and on" (同)argumentation, debate
7. a summary of the subject or plot of a literary work or play or movie; "the editor added the argument to the poem" (同)literary argument
8. (computer science) a reference or value that is passed to a function, procedure, subroutine, command, or program (同)parameter
9. a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true; "it was a strong argument that his hypothesis was true" (同)statement
10. a variable in a logical or mathematical expression whose value determines the dependent variable; if f(x)=y, x is the independent variable
11. coming into conflict with (同)contravention
12. a disagreement or argument about something important; "he had a dispute with his wife"; "there were irreconcilable differences"; "the familiar conflict between Republicans and Democrats" (同)difference, difference of opinion, conflict
13. argue with one another; "We debated the question of abortion"; "John debated Mary"
14. the formal presentation of a stated proposition and the opposition to it (usually followed by a vote) (同)disputation, public debate
15. discuss the pros and cons of an issue (同)deliberate
16. kind and considerate regard for others; "he showed no consideration for her feelings" (同)considerateness, thoughtfulness
17. a considerate and thoughtful act (同)thoughtfulness
18. a discussion of a topic (as in a meeting); "consideration of the traffic problem took more than an hour"
19. the process of giving careful thought to something
20. free and open discussion of (or debate on) some question of public interest; "such a proposal deserves thorough public discussion" (同)ventilation
21. discussion of a subject of public interest by a group of persons forming a panel usually before an audience

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (…についての)『議論』,討論,検討《+『about』(『on』)+『名』》
2. (人と…について)『議論する』,論争する,言い争う《+『with』+『名』〈人〉+『about』(『on, over』)+『名』》 / (…に賛成・反対して)論じる,主張する《+『for』(『in favor of, against』)+『名』》 / …'を'『議論する』,論じる / (…するように)〈人〉'を'『説得する』,説き伏せる《+『名』〈人〉+『into』+『名』(do『ing』)》,(…しないように)〈人〉'を'説得する《+『名』〈人〉+『out of』+『名』》 / 〈物事が〉…'を'示す,表す(show)
3. 〈U〉〈C〉《議論》,論争,口論 / 〈C〉論拠,理由(reason) / 〈C〉《文》(本・詩などの)要旨,概要
4. …‘を'『議論する』,討議する / …‘に'反論する,異議を唱える / (…と)…‘を'めぐって争う,抗争する《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (人と…について)『議論する』,論争する《+『with』(『against』)+『名』〈人〉+『over』(『on,about,as to』)+『名』(『wh-節・句』)》 / 『論争』;口論,けんか
5. 〈C〉〈U〉『討論』(discussion);『論争』(dispute) / 〈C〉(公式の)討論会 / 〈U〉熟考 / …'を'『討論する』,討議する / …'を'熟慮する,熟考する(consider) / (…と…について)討論する,討議する《+『with』+『名』+『on』(『upon, about』)+『名』》
6. 〈U〉(…の)『考慮』,熟慮,考察《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉『考慮すべき事』 / 〈U〉(人・物などへの)『思いやり』,配慮《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈C〉報酬,心づけ,償い / 〈U〉《まれ》重要さ,重大さ;尊敬,丁重

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/06 21:37:40」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about human communication. For other uses, see Conversation (disambiguation).

"Banter" redirects here. For the BBC radio show, see Banter (radio show).

Arnold Lakhovsky, The Conversation (circa 1935)

Conversation is a form of interactive, spontaneous communication between two or more people. Typically, it occurs in spoken communication, as written exchanges are usually not referred to as conversations. The development of conversational skills and etiquette is an important part of socialization. The development of conversational skills in a new language is a frequent focus of language teaching and learning.

Conversation analysis is a branch of sociology which studies the structure and organization of human interaction, with a more specific focus on conversational interaction.

Definition and characterization

No generally accepted definition of conversation exists, beyond the fact that a conversation involves at least two people talking together. Consequently, the term is often defined by what it is not. A ritualized exchange such a mutual greeting is not a conversation, and an interaction that includes a marked status differential (such as a boss giving orders) is also not a conversation. An interaction with a tightly focused topic or purpose is also generally not considered a conversation. Summarizing these properties, one authority writes that "Conversation is the kind of speech that happens informally, symmetrically, and for the purposes of establishing and maintaining social ties."

From a less technical perspective, a writer on etiquette in the early 20th century defined conversation as the polite give and take of subjects thought of by people talking with each other for company.

Conversations follow rules of etiquette because conversations are social interactions, and therefore depend on social convention. Specific rules for conversation arise from the cooperative principle. Failure to adhere to these rules causes the conversation to deteriorate or eventually to end. Contributions to a conversation are responses to what has previously been said.

Conversations may be the optimal form of communication, depending on the participants' intended ends. Conversations may be ideal when, for example, each party desires a relatively equal exchange of information, or when the parties desire to build social ties. On the other hand, if permanency or the ability to review such information is important, written communication may be ideal. Or if time-efficient communication is most important, a speech may be preferable.

Classification

Banter

Banter are short witty sentences that bounce back and forth between individuals. Often banter uses clever put-downs and witty insults, misunderstandings (often intentional), zippy wisecracks, zingers, flirtation, and puns. The idea is each line of banter should "top" the one before it and in short a verbal war of wit without any physical contact.

Films that have used banter as an way of structure in conversations are.

• The Big Sleep (1946)
• His Girl Friday (1940)
• Bringing Up Baby (1938)

Important factors in delivering a banter is the subtext, situation and the rapport with the person. Every line in a banter should be able to evoke both an emotional response and ownership without hurting one's feelings. Following a structure that the involved parties understand is important, even if the subject and structure is absurd, a certain level of progression should be kept in a manner that it connects with the involved parties. Different methods of story telling could be used in delivering banter, like making an unexpected turn in the flow of structure(interrupting a comfortable structure), taking the conversation towards an expected crude form with evoking questions, doubts, self-conscientiousness (creating intentional misunderstandings) or layering the existing pattern with multiple anchors...etc. It is important to quit the bantering with the sensibility of playground rules, both parties shouldn't obsess on topping each other, continuously after a certain point of interest. It is as Shakespeare said “Brevity is the soul of wit.”

Banter has most recently been adapted as a modern phrase often used to cover up the fact that a comment or sentence was insulting. It has also been widely adopted in the media, and formed the phrase "just a bit of banter".

Discussion

One element of conversation is discussion: sharing opinions on subjects that are thought of during the conversation. In polite society the subject changes before discussion becomes dispute. For example, if theology is being discussed, no one is insisting a particular view be accepted.

Subject

Many conversations can be divided into four categories according to their major subject content:

• Conversations about subjective ideas, which often serve to extend understanding and awareness.
• Conversations about objective facts, which may serve to consolidate a widely held view.
• Conversations about other people (usually absent), which may be either critical, competitive, or supportive. This includes gossip.
• Conversations about oneself, which sometimes indicate attention-seeking behavior or can provide relevant information about oneself to participants in the conversation.

Practically, few conversations fall exclusively into one category. Nevertheless, the proportional distribution of any given conversation between the categories can offer useful psychological insights into the mind set of the participants. This is the reason that the majority of conversations are difficult to categorize.

Functions

Most conversations may be classified by their goal. Conversational ends may, however, shift over the life of the conversation.

• Functional conversation is designed to convey information in order to help achieve an individual or group goal.
• Small talk is a type of conversation where the topic is less important than the social purpose of achieving bonding between people or managing personal distance, such as 'how is the weather' might be portrayed as an example, which conveys no practicality whatsoever.

Aspects of conversation

Differences between men and women

A study completed in July 2007 by Matthias Mehl of the University of Arizona shows that contrary to popular belief, there is little difference in the number of words used by men and women in conversation. The study showed that on average each of the sexes uses about 16,000 words per day.

Conversation between strangers

There are certain situations, typically encountered while traveling, which result in strangers sharing what would ordinarily be an intimate social space such as sitting together on a bus or airplane. In such situations strangers are likely to share intimate personal information they would not ordinarily share with strangers. A special case emerges when one of the travelers is a mental health professional and the other party shares details of their personal life in the apparent hope of receiving help or advice.

Conversational narcissism

Conversational narcissism is a term used by sociologist Charles Derber in his book, The Pursuit of Attention: Power and Ego in Everyday Life.

Derber observed that the social support system in America is relatively weak, and this leads people to compete mightily for attention. In social situations, they tend to steer the conversation away from others and toward themselves. "Conversational narcissism is the key manifestation of the dominant attention-getting psychology in America," he wrote. "It occurs in informal conversations among friends, family and coworkers. The profusion of popular literature about listening and the etiquette of managing those who talk constantly about themselves suggests its pervasiveness in everyday life."

What Derber describes as "conversational narcissism" often occurs subtly rather than overtly because it is prudent to avoid being judged an egotist.

Derber distinguishes the "shift-response" from the "support-response". A shift response takes the focus of attention away from the last speaker and refocuses on the new speaker, as in: "John: I'm feeling really starved. Mary: Oh, I just ate. Whereas a support response maintains the focus on the last speaker, as in: John: I'm feeling really starved. Mary: When was the last time you ate?

Conversation with artificial intelligence

The ability to generate conversation that cannot be distinguished from a human participant has been one test of a successful artificial intelligence (The Turing Test). A human judge engages in a natural language conversation with one human and one machine, each of which tries to appear human. If the judge cannot tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. One limitation is that the conversation is limited to a text, not allowing tone to be shown.

Conversing with one's self

Also called intrapersonal communication, conversing with one's self is sometimes able to help solve problems, or serve therapeutic purposes, such as the avoidance of silence.

In the media

As a prominent and useful figure in most human lives, conversation is often used in the media, e.g. talk shows such as William F. Buckley's Firing Line or the Dick Cavett Show.

Literature

Authors who have written extensively on conversation and attempted to analyze its nature include:

• Milton Wright wrote The Art of Conversation, a comprehensive treatment of the subject, in 1936. The book deals with conversation both for its own sake, and for political, sales, or religious ends. Milton portrays conversation as an art or creation that people can play with and give life to.
• Kerry Patterson, Joseph Grenny, Al Switzler, and Ron McMillan have written two New York Times bestselling books on conversation. The first one, Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes are High, McGraw-Hill, 2002, teaches skills for handling disagreement and high-stakes issues at work and at home. The second book, Crucial Accountability: Tools for Resolving Violated Expectations, Broken Commitments, and Bad Behavior, McGraw-Hill, 2013, teaches important skills for dealing with accountability issues.
• Charles Blattberg has written two books defending an approach to politics that emphasizes conversation, in contrast to negotiation, as the preferred means of resolving conflict. His From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics: Putting Practice First, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-19-829688-6, is a work of political philosophy; and his Shall We Dance? A Patriotic Politics for Canada, Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-7735-2596-3, applies that philosophy to the Canadian case.
• Paul Drew & John Heritage - Talk at Work, a study of how conversation changes in social and workplace situations.
• Neil Postman - Amusing Ourselves to Death (Conversation is not the book's specific focus, but discourse in general gets good treatment here)
• Deborah Tannen
  • The Argument Culture: Stopping America's War of Words
  • Conversational Style: Analyzing Talk Among Friends,
  • Gender and Discourse
  • I Only Say This Because I Love You
  • Talking from 9 to 5: Women and Men at Work
  • That's Not What I Meant!
  • You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation
• Daniel Menaker - A Good Talk: The Story and Skill of Conversation (published 2010)
• Stephen Miller - Conversation: A History of a Declining Art: provides an extensive history of conversation which dates back to the ancient Greeks with Socrates, and moving forward, to coffeehouses around the world, as well as the modern forces of the electronic age, talk shows, etc.

In fiction

• Conversation in the Cathedral (1969) is one of the main novels by the Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa.

Benefits of conversation

1. Being better understood
2. Better understanding
3. Better self-confidence
4. Workplace value
5. Better self-care
6. Better relationships

See also

• A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation (book)
• Aizuchi
• Awkward silence
• Bohm Dialogue
• Compulsive talking
• Conversation Theory
• Conversational narcissism
• "Conversation" Sharp MP Doyen of the Georgian period conversationalists.
• Dialogue
• 'King of Clubs' - famous Whig conversation club
• Online chat
• Small talk
• Speech (public address)

Works cited

• Thornbury, Scott; Slade, Diana (2006). Conversation: From Description to Pedagogy. ISBN 9780521814263. 
• Warren, Martin (2006). Features of Naturalness in Conversation. ISBN 9789027253958. 

References

External links

• Empathic listening skills How to listen so others will feel heard, or listening first aid (University of California). Download a one-hour seminar on empathic listening and attending skills.
• "The art of conversation", Economist, 19 December 2006

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「dispute」「argue」「議論」「debate」「discuss」
拡張検索	「group discussion」

「dispute」

　　[★]

• vi.
• vt.

• 論ずる(discuss)(whther, how)。(提案・事実関係)に異論を唱える、疑いをさしはさむ、問題にする。
• ～に抵抗する(oppose)
• (優位・勝利などを)(得ようと)争う(contend for)

• n.

関

argue、argument、controversy、debate、discuss、discussion

　 　 　

「argue」

　　[★]

• v

• 主張する、議論する、立証する

関

allegation、argument、claim、contend、contention、debate、demonstrate、discuss、discussion、dispute、insist、prove、testify、verification、verify

　 　 　 　

「議論」

　　[★]

英

discussion、argument、discuss、argue、debate、dispute

関

考察、主張、討議、討論、立証、論議、論争、ディベート、論拠

「debate」

　　[★]

• n.

• 討論、論議、ディベート

• v.

• 討論する、議論する

関

argue、argument、controversy、discuss、discussion、dispute

　 　 　 　

「discuss」

　　[★]

• v.

• 考察する、議論する、討論する

関

argue、argument、consideration、debate、discussion、dispute

　

「group discussion」

　　[★]

• グループディスカッション