PrepTutorEJDIC
- (法律・習慣などに対する)違反行為
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/13 16:30:16」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
|
|
This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) |
In many civil law countries (e.g.: France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Brazil) a contravention is a non-criminal offense, similar to an infraction or civil penalty in common law countries.
Contents
- 1 France
- 1.1 Competence
- 1.2 Penalties
- 2 See also
France
Contravention is, in French law, an act which violates the law, a treaty or an agreement which the party has made. It designates a minor infraction only, as opposed to a delict and a crime. Any infraction to a law or regulation (enforced by the executive agents of the State), that is not punishable by more than a €3000 fine for a person, is classed as a contravention. The fine may also be matched with an additional sentence (peines complémentaires).
Competence
Contraventions and their penalties are determined by the executive organs of the French State, unlike délits and crimes which are determined by the legislative organs (Parliament Senate), as per Article 34 of the French Constitution of 1958.
The executive organs include:
- The President of the Republic
- The government (Cabinet)
- The local government (prefects of regions and departments)
- The department and region Councils
- The police prefect of Paris
- The town Council and Mayor
Penalties
As previously stated the maximum fine for an individual is €3000, and the maximum for a corporation or collectivity is €45,000.
The additional penalties are defined in the Article 131-10 of the Code Pénal. They include:
- Prohibitions (e.g. prohibition of residency in the country (for foreign individuals only), prohibition of civil and family rights)
- Forfeitures (e.g. loss of the French nationality - extremely rare)
- Incapacity (e.g. prohibition to take action on one's own property)
- Retraction of a right (e.g. confiscation of driving licence)
- Obligation to seek treatment (e.g. obligation to prove a medical treatment has been followed)
- Obligation of action (e.g. obligation to reimburse the victims)
- Immobilisation or confiscation of an object (e.g. confiscation of weapons or drugs etc.)
- Confiscation of an animal (previously considered as objects)
- Closure of an establishment
- Obligation to publish the court decision publicly, and since the law n°2004-575 in date of June 21, 2004 obligation to communication the decision to the public by electronic means (internet).
The penalties are determined by the legislative organs: Assemblée Nationale and Sénat, or the government in the cases defined in article 49-3 of the Constitution (attribution of certain legislative rights to the government, in particular cases). There are 5 classes of contraventions, each having a progressively higher maximum fine.
| Classification of the contraventions |
Seriousness of the offense. |
| 1st class |
Non public slander and insult |
| 2nd class |
Involuntary attack on a person's physical integrity having caused no work incapacity (Incapacité totale de travail, ITT) |
| 3rd class |
Threats of violence |
| 4th class |
Light violence |
| 5th class |
Willful violence having caused an incapacity to work shorter or equal to eight days. |
See also
- Comminatory
- Infraction
- Regulatory offences
English Journal
- Generic substitution in contravention of doctor's prescriptions.
- Beran RG1,2,3.
- Internal medicine journal.Intern Med J.2015 Oct;45(10):1093. doi: 10.1111/imj.12882.
- PMID 26429225
- Performance of quantum Otto refrigerators with squeezing.
- Long R1, Liu W1.
- Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys.2015 Jun;91(6):062137. Epub 2015 Jun 25.
- The performance of a quantum Otto refrigerator coupled to a squeezed cold reservoir has been evaluated using the χ figure of merit. We have shown that squeezing can enhance the coefficient of performance (COP) dramatically, surpassing the Carnot COP defined by the initial temperatures of the heat b
- PMID 26172691
- Freeman's transorbital lobotomy as an anomaly: A material culture examination of surgical instruments and operative spaces.
- Collins BM1, Stam HJ1.
- History of psychology.Hist Psychol.2015 May;18(2):119-31. doi: 10.1037/a0039061.
- In 1946, Walter Freeman introduced the transorbital ice pick lobotomy. Touted as a procedure that could be learned and subsequently performed by psychiatrists outside of the operating room, the technique was quickly criticized by neurosurgeons. In this article, we take a material culture approach to
- PMID 26120916
Japanese Journal
- 自己株式の法的地位に関する一考察 : コンプライアンスとの矛盾 (特集 コンプライアンスと法)
- 近代日本における警察的衛生行政と社会的排除に関する研究--違警罪即決と衛生取締事項を中心に
- 近代日本における警察的衛生行政と社会的排除に関する研究－違警罪即決と衛生取締事項を中心に－
Related Links
- contravention 【名】違反【発音】kɑ ntrəvénʃən【カナ】コントゥラヴェンション - アルクがお届けするオンライン英和・和英辞書検索サービス。 もう英文作成で悩まない！120万例文と用例の「Pro」 データ提供：EDP ※データの転載は禁じ ...
- contraventionとは。意味や和訳。[名]違反（行為）；反対，反駁はんばくin contravention of the rule規則に違反して - 80万項目以上収録、例文・コロケーションが豊富な無料英和和英辞典。
- contravention辞書フランス語の翻訳 - 日本語 Glosbe、オンライン辞書、無料で。すべての言語でmilionsの単語やフレーズを参照。 ... ja 運転中の電話は危険であり,土地によっては警察に罰金を課されるにもかかわらず,最近の調査によれば ...
Related Pictures
