WordNet

hand over one and receive another, approximately equivalent; "exchange prisoners"; "exchange employees between branches of the company"
chemical process in which one atom or ion or group changes places with another
reciprocal transfer of equivalent sums of money (especially the currencies of different countries); "he earns his living from the interchange of currency" (同)interchange
the act of changing one thing for another thing; "Adam was promised immortality in exchange for his disobedience"; "there was an interchange of prisoners" (同)interchange
(chess) gaining (or losing) a rook in return for a knight or bishop; "black lost the exchange"
(chess) the capture by both players (usually on consecutive moves) of pieces of equal value; "the endgame began after the exchange of queens"
a workplace for buying and selling; open only to members
the act of giving something in return for something received; "deductible losses on sales or exchanges of property are allowable"
a mutual expression of views (especially an unpleasant one); "they had a bitter exchange"
give to, and receive from, one another; "Would you change places with me?"; "We have been exchanging letters for a year" (同)change, interchange
(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
one whose business is to exchange the money of one country for that of another country (同)money changer
actions counter to the main group activity; "political crosscurrents disrupted the conference" (同)crosscurrent

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『取り替える』;(…と)…‘を'取り替える《+『名』+『for』+『名』》 / …‘を'『取り交わす』;(人と)…‘を'取り交わす《+『名』+『with』+『名』〈人〉》 / (化幣が)両替される / 〈U〉〈C〉(物の物との)『取り替え』《+『of』+『名』+『for』+『名』》;(相手と物を)『交換すること』《+『of』+『名』(複数)+『with』+『名』〈人〉》 / 〈C〉交換物,取り替え品 / 〈C〉取引所;(電話の)交換局 / 〈U〉両替;為替(かわせ),為替相場 / 〈C〉=employment exchange
〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身

UpToDate Contents

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1. Chapter 4B：対向流のメカニズム chapter 4b countercurrent mechanism
2. 抗利尿ホルモン不適合分泌（SIADH）症候群の病態生理および病因 pathophysiology and etiology of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion siadh
3. 虚血後（虚血性）の急性尿細管壊死の発症および病因 pathogenesis and etiology of postischemic ischemic acute tubular necrosis
4. 鎌状赤血球症の腎症状 renal manifestations of sickle cell disease
5. Chapter 6E：プロスタグランジンと腎臓 chapter 6e prostaglandins and the kidney

English Journal

A laboratory exercise using a physical model for demonstrating countercurrent heat exchange.

Loudon C1, Davis-Berg EC, Botz JT.
Advances in physiology education.Adv Physiol Educ.2012 Mar;36(1):58-62. doi: 10.1152/advan.00094.2011.
A physical model was used in a laboratory exercise to teach students about countercurrent exchange mechanisms. Countercurrent exchange is the transport of heat or chemicals between fluids moving in opposite directions separated by a permeable barrier (such as blood within adjacent blood vessels flow
PMID 22383414

A microfluidic platform for studying the effects of small temperature gradients in an incubator environment.

Das SK, Chung S, Zervantonakis I, Atnafu J, Kamm RD.
Biomicrofluidics.Biomicrofluidics.2008 Sep 17;2(3):34106. doi: 10.1063/1.2988313.
Studies on the effects of variations in temperature and mild temperature gradients on cells, gels, and scaffolds are important from the viewpoint of biological function. Small differences in temperature are known to elicit significant variations in cell behavior and individual protein reactivity. Fo
PMID 19693373

Development, structure, and function of a novel respiratory organ, the lung-air sac system of birds: to go where no other vertebrate has gone.

Maina JN1.
Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc.2006 Nov;81(4):545-79. Epub 2006 Oct 12.
Among the air-breathing vertebrates, the avian respiratory apparatus, the lung-air sac system, is the most structurally complex and functionally efficient. After intricate morphogenesis, elaborate pulmonary vascular and airway (bronchial) architectures are formed. The crosscurrent, countercurrent, a
PMID 17038201

Japanese Journal

Modelling and experimental operation of a "reverse-rectification column" for an absorption heat pump.

Ranger P.-M.,Matsuda H.,Le Goff P.
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 23(5), 537-542, 1990
… In a "reverse-rectification system," a volatile liquid (water) is injected into the evaporator placed at the bottom of a packed column. … In the column, vapor and liquid are contacted in countercurrent flow (glycol downfiow, water-vapor upflow). …
NAID 130000021855

Dynamic Analysis of a Plate Heat Exchanger System

MASUBUCHI Masami,ITO Akira
Bulletin of JSME 20(142), 434-441, 1977-04
… There are various flow types in a plate heat exchanger system. … 3) Series flow types where the inlet and outlet passage are adjacent and the flow is a countercurrent have the best statics and dynamics among all types when the number of passages is the same. …
NAID 110002356048