conjugate acid

WordNet

1. undergo conjugation
2. unite chemically so that the product is easily broken down into the original compounds
3. formed by the union of two compounds; "a conjugated protein" (同)conjugated
4. of an organic compound; containing two or more double bonds each separated from the other by a single bond (同)conjugated
5. joined together especially in a pair or pairs (同)conjugated, coupled
6. (of a pinnate leaflet) having only one pair of leaflets
7. add inflections showing person, number, gender, tense, aspect, etc.; "conjugate the verb"
8. street name for lysergic acid diethylamide (同)back breaker, battery-acid, dose, dot, Elvis, loony toons, Lucy in the sky with diamonds, pane, superman, window pane, Zen
9. any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turning litmus red and reacting with a base to form a salt
10. having the characteristics of an acid; "an acid reaction"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈動詞〉'を'活用(変化)させる / 〈動詞が〉活用(変化)する / 〈単細胞生物が〉接合する / (特に対になって)結合した,接合の
2. 酸性の / 酸味のある,すっぱい(sour) / (言葉・態度などが)厳しい,しんらつな / 酸 / すっぱいもの / 《俗》=LSD

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/16 05:24:56」(JST)

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Acids and Bases
Acid dissociation constant Acid-base extraction Acid–base reaction Acid–base titration Dissociation constant Acidity function Buffer solutions pH Proton affinity Self-ionization of water Acid strength
Acid types
Brønsted Lewis Mineral Organic Strong Superacids Weak
Base types
Brønsted Lewis Organic Strong Superbases Non-nucleophilic Weak

A conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry theory, is a species formed by the reception of a proton (H⁺), by a base - in other words, the base with a hydrogen ion added to it - while a conjugate base is formed by the removal of a proton from an acid: the conjugate base of an acid is that acid with a hydrogen ion removed.

Visually, this can be represented as:

A conjugate acid of the base → H⁺ + Base

A conjugate base of the acid → Acid - H⁺

The Brønsted-Lowry model is based on the idea that acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors; the conjugate base or conjugate acid is merely what is left after an acid has lost a proton or a base has gained a proton, respectively.

Acid-base reactions

In an acid-base reaction, and acid plus a base reacts to form a conjugate base plus a conjugate acid:

acid + base conjugate base + conjugate acid

The conjugate acid of a base is formed when the base gains a proton. Refer to the following equation:

NH₃(g) + H₂O(l) NH+
4(aq) + OH⁻(aq)

We say that ammonium (NH+
4) is the conjugate acid to the base ammonia (NH₃), because NH₃ gained a hydrogen ion to form NH+
4, the conjugate acid. The conjugate base of an acid is formed when the acid donates a proton. In the equation, we say that hydroxide (OH⁻) is the conjugate base to the acid water (H₂O), because H₂O donates a hydrogen ion to form OH⁻, the conjugate base.

Strength of conjugates

The stronger the acid or base, the weaker the conjugate. The weaker the acid or base, the stronger the conjugate. However, a weak acid or base will not necessarily have a strong conjugate base or acid; there are a number of pairs of weak conjugates. For example, acetic acid (CH₃COOH) and the acetate ion (CH₃COO^-) are both weak.

This principle is discussed in detail in the article on acid-base reaction theories. The position of the equilibrium is measured as an acid dissociation constant (K_a)

Identifying conjugate acid-base pairs

Example of a Bronsted-Lowry Reaction

The acid and conjugate bases are conjugate pairs and the base and conjugate acids are conjugate pairs. When finding a conjugate acid or base, it is important to look at the reactants. The reactants are the acids and bases, and the acid corresponds to the conjugate base on the product side of the chemical equation. This goes for the base too; the base corresponds to the conjugate acid on the product side of the equation.

To identify the conjugate acid, look for the pair of compounds that are related. The acid-base reaction can be view in a before and after sense. The before is the reactant side of the equation, the after is the product side of the equation. The conjugate acid in the after side of an equation gains a hydrogen ion, so in the before side of the equation the compound that has one less hydrogen ion of the conjugate acid is the base. The conjugate base in the after side of the equation lost a hydrogen ion, so in the before side of the equation the compound that has one more hydrogen ion of the conjugate base is the acid.

Consider the following acid-base reaction:

HNO₃ + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + NO−
3

Nitric acid (HNO₃) is an acid because it donates a proton to water and its conjugate base is nitrate (NO−
3). An easy way to identify the conjugate base is that it differs from the acid by one proton. Water (H₂O) is a base because it accepts a proton from HNO₃ and its conjugate acid is hydronium (H₃O⁺). Again to identify the conjugate acid (or any conjugate pair) is that it differs from the base by one proton.

Equation	Acid	Base	Conjugate Base	Conjugate Acid
HClO2 + H2O → ClO− 2 + H3O+	HClO2	H2O	ClO− 2	H3O+
ClO− + H2O → HClO + OH−	H2O	ClO−	OH−	HClO
HCl + H2PO− 4 → Cl− + H3PO4	HCl	H2PO− 4	Cl−	H3PO4

Table of Acids and their Conjugate Bases

Tabulated below are several examples of acids and their conjugate bases; notice how they differ by just one proton (H⁺ ion). Acid strength decreases and base strength increases down the table.

Acid	Base
HFSbF5 Fluoroantimonic acid	SbF6− Hexafluoroantimonate ion
HCl Hydrochloric acid	Cl− Chloride ion
H2SO4 Sulfuric acid	HSO4− Hydrogen sulfate ion
HNO3 Nitric acid	NO3− Nitrate ion
H3O+ Hydronium ion	H2O Water
HSO4− Hydrogen sulfate ion	SO42− Sulfate ion
H3PO4 Phosphoric acid	H2PO4− Dihydrogen phosphate ion
CH3COOH Acetic acid	CH3COO− Acetate ion
H2CO3 Carbonic acid	HCO3− Hydrogen carbonate ion
H2S Hydrosulfuric acid	HS− Hydrogen sulfide ion
H2PO4− Dihydrogen phosphate ion	HPO42− Hydrogen phosphate ion
NH4+ Ammonium ion	NH3 Ammonia
HCO3− Hydrogencarbonate (bicarbonate) ion	CO32− Carbonate ion
HPO42− Hydrogen phosphate ion	PO43− Phosphate ion
H2O Water (neutral, pH 7)	OH− Hydroxide ion

See also

• protonation
• buffer solution

References

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Doxorubicin-loaded microgels composed of cinnamic acid-gelatin conjugate and cinnamic acid-Pluronic F127 conjugate.

• Zhang H1, Kim JC1.
• Pharmaceutical development and technology.Pharm Dev Technol.2016 May;21(3):296-301. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2014.999787. Epub 2015 Sep 10.
• Microgels were prepared by cinnamic acid-gelatin (type B) conjugate (CA-GelB) and cinnamic acid-Pluronic F127 conjugate (CA-Plur). (1)H NMR confirmed that CA was conjugated to gelatin and the gelatin to CA residue molar ratio was estimated to be 1:4.7 by a colorimetric method. CA-Plur of which the C
• PMID 25567320

• Physicochemical properties of β-carotene emulsions stabilized by chlorogenic acid-lactoferrin-glucose/polydextrose conjugates.

• Liu F1, Wang D1, Xu H1, Sun C1, Gao Y2.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Apr 1;196:338-46. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.09.047. Epub 2015 Sep 14.
• In this study, the influence of chlorogenic acid (CA)-lactoferrin (LF)-glucose (Glc) conjugate and CA-LF-polydextrose (PD) conjugate on the physicochemical characteristics of β-carotene emulsions was investigated. Novel emulsifiers were formed during Maillard reaction between CA-LF conjugate and Gl
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• Novel pH-sensitive polysialic acid based polymeric micelles for triggered intracellular release of hydrophobic drug.

• Zhang W1, Dong D1, Li P2, Wang D1, Mu H1, Niu H1, Duan J3.
• Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2016 Mar 30;139:75-81. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.041. Epub 2015 Dec 18.
• Polysialic acid (PSA), a non-immunogenic and biodegradable natural polymer, is prone to hydrolysis under endo-lysosomal pH conditions. Here, we synthesized an intracellular pH-sensitive polysialic acid-ursolic acid conjugate by a condensation reaction. To further test the drug loading capability, we
• PMID 26794949

Japanese Journal

• A NEW CLASS OF STRUCTURALLY SIMPLE AND HIGHLY EMISSIVE FLUOROPHORES WITH A PYRIDINE–ACETYLENE–PHENOL CONJUGATE (Dedicated to Professor Isao Kuwajima on the occasion of his 77th birthday)

• Ohishi Yuki,Abe Hajime,Inouye Masahiko
• Heterocycles : an international journal for reviews and communications in heterocyclic chemistry 90(1), 515-528, 2015-01-01
• NAID 40020330428

• プロシミドンの発生毒性の種差に関する研究—薬物動態、代謝、排泄における顕著な種差—

• 冨ヶ原 祥隆,樽井 弘和,永堀 博久,杉本 健二,茂木 正行,西岡 和彦,川村 聡,Isobe Naohiko,奥野 泰由,金子 秀雄
• Journal of Pesticide Science 40(3), 111-123, 2015
• … In rabbits and monkeys, Hydroxylated-PCM was transformed into a glucuronic acid conjugate (Hydroxylated-PCM-glucuronide: non-anti-androgen) and rapidly excreted into urine as a major metabolite. …
• NAID 130005094228

Related Links

• Conjugate acidとは - goo Wikipedia (ウィキペディア)

A conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry theory, is a species formed by the reception of a proton (H +), by a base - in other words, the base with a hydrogen ion added to it - while a conjugate base is formed by the removal of a ...

• Conjugate Acid - Purdue University - Department of Chemistry

conjugate acid: substance formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion. Considered an acid because it can lose a hydrogen ion to reform the base.

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「共役酸」
関連記事	「conjugate」「conjugated」

「共役酸」

　　[★]

英

[[]]

同

conjugate acid

関

[[]]

同

conjugate acid

「conjugate」

　　[★]

• n.

• 抱合体、接合体、複合物

• vt.

• (言語)(動詞)を活用/変化させる。
• (化学)～を共役させる。

• vi.

• (生物)接合する。(言語)動詞が活用/変化する。
• 抱合する、接合する、結合する、共役する

• adj.

関

associate、bind、binding、bond、bonding、combine、complex、conjoin、conjugated、conjugation、conjunction、connect、connection、couple、coupling、dock、engage、engagement、join、juncture、ligate、linkage、mating、symphysial、union、zygote、zygotic

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「conjugated」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 抱合型の、複合化の、(化学)共役した

関

conjugate、conjugation、couple、coupling