WordNet

of or relating to a zygote
(genetics) the diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid spermatozoon and ovum (including the organism that develops from that cell) (同)fertilized_ovum
undergo conjugation
unite chemically so that the product is easily broken down into the original compounds
formed by the union of two compounds; "a conjugated protein" (同)conjugated
of an organic compound; containing two or more double bonds each separated from the other by a single bond (同)conjugated
joined together especially in a pair or pairs (同)conjugated, coupled
(of a pinnate leaflet) having only one pair of leaflets
add inflections showing person, number, gender, tense, aspect, etc.; "conjugate the verb"

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〈動詞〉'を'活用(変化)させる / 〈動詞が〉活用(変化)する / 〈単細胞生物が〉接合する / (特に対になって)結合した,接合の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/18 16:19:52」(JST)

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For other uses, see Zygote (disambiguation).

"Fertilized egg" redirects here. For the food product, see Balut (egg).

A zygote (from Greek ζυγωτός zygōtos "joined" or "yoked", from ζυγοῦν zygoun "to join" or "to yoke"),^[1] is the initial cell formed when two gamete cells are joined by means of sexual reproduction. In multicellular organisms, it is the earliest developmental stage of the embryo. In single-celled organisms, the zygote divides to produce offspring, usually through Mitosis, the process of cell division.

A zygote is always synthesized from the union of two gametes, and constitutes the first stage in a unique organism's development. Zygotes are usually produced by a fertilization event between two haploid cells—an ovum (female gamete) and a sperm cell (male gamete)—which combine to form the single diploid cell. Such zygotes contain DNA derived from both parents, and this provides all the genetic information necessary to form a new individual. In land plants, the zygote is formed within a chamber called the archegonium. In seedless plants, the archegonium is usually flask-shaped, with a long hollow neck through which the sperm cell enters. As the zygote divides and grows, it does so inside the archegonium. With onset of the first cellular divisions, an animal zygote transforms into a morula, or a mass of cells.

Animals

In animal development, the term zygote is also used more loosely to refer to the group of cells formed by the first few cell divisions, although this is properly referred to as a morula.^[2]

In mammalian reproduction, after fertilization has taken place the zygote travels down the fallopian tube, while dividing to form more cells^[3] without the zygote actually increasing in size. This cell division is mitotic, and is known as cleavage.^[4] All mammals go through the zygote stage of life. Mammalian zygotes eventually develop into a blastocyst, after which they are more generally termed an embryo, and then a fetus.

A human zygote exists as a single cell before undergoing cleavage, forming blastomeres,^[5] and becomes a blastocyst on the fifth day.^[6]

In other species

A biparental zygote is a Chlamydomonas (a kind of algae) zygote that contains chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) from both parents.

References

^ "English etymology of zygote". myetymology.com.
^ Neas, John F. "Human Development". Embryology Atlas
^ O’Reilly, Deirdre. "Fetal development". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia (2007-10-19). Retrieved 2009-02-15.
^ Klossner, N. Jayne and Hatfield, Nancy. Introductory Maternity & Pediatric Nursing, p. 107 (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006).
^ Blastomere Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 06 Feb. 2012.
^ Blackburn, Susan. Maternal, Fetal, & Neonatal Physiology, p. 80 (Elsevier Health Sciences 2007).

Preceded by Oocyte + Sperm	Stages of human development Zygote	Succeeded by Embryo

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1. 卵細胞質内精子注入法 intracytoplasmic sperm injection
2. ベックウィズ・ヴィーデマン症候群 beckwith wiedemann syndrome

English Journal

DNA Methylation Is Crucial for the Early Development in the Oyster C. gigas.

Riviere G, Wu GC, Fellous A, Goux D, Sourdaine P, Favrel P.SourceBiologie des Organismes Marins et des Ecosystèmes Associés (BioMEA) Esplanade de la paix, Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, 14032, Caen Cedex, France, guillaume.riviere@unicaen.fr.
Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.).Mar Biotechnol (NY).2013 Dec;15(6):739-53. doi: 10.1007/s10126-013-9523-2. Epub 2013 Jul 24.
In vertebrates, epigenetic modifications influence gene transcription, and an appropriate DNA methylation is critical in development. Indeed, a precise temporal and spatial pattern of early gene expression is mandatory for a normal embryogenesis. However, such a regulation and its underlying mechani
PMID 23877618

Among-species differences in pollen quality and quantity limitation: implications for endemics in biodiverse hotspots.

Alonso C, Navarro-Fernández CM, Arceo-Gómez G, Meindl GA, Parra-Tabla V, Ashman TL.SourceEstación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n, E-41092, Sevilla, Spain.
Annals of botany.Ann Bot.2013 Nov;112(7):1461-9. doi: 10.1093/aob/mct213. Epub 2013 Sep 22.
Background and Aims Insufficient pollination is a function of quantity and quality of pollen receipt, and the relative contribution of each to pollen limitation may vary with intrinsic plant traits and extrinsic ecological properties. Community-level studies are essential to evaluate variation acros
PMID 24061490

Expression pattern of glucose metabolism genes in relation to development rate of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) oocytes and in vitro-produced embryos.

Kumar P, Rajput S, Verma A, De S, Datta TK.SourceAnimal Genomics Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 Haryana, India.
Theriogenology.Theriogenology.2013 Nov;80(8):914-22. doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.07.018. Epub 2013 Aug 28.
The expression pattern of glucose metabolism genes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [G6PDH], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], and pyruvate dehydrogenase [PDH]) were studied in buffalo in vitro-matured oocytes and in vitro-produced embryos cultured under different glu
PMID 23992643

Japanese Journal

Asymmetric Female Preferences for Courtship Pheromones in Two Closely-related Newt Species, the Smooth Newt (Lissotriton vulgaris) and the Carpathian Newt (L. montandoni) (Salamandridae)

Osikowski Artur
Zoological science 29(6), 390-395, 2012-06-00
NAID 40019296473

Identification of 3'UTR sequence elements and a teloplasm localization motif sufficient for the localization of Hro-twist mRNA to the zygotic animal and vegetal poles