WordNet

unornamented; "a simple country schoolhouse"; "her black dress--simple to austerity"
any herbaceous plant having medicinal properties
(botany) of leaf shapes; of leaves having no divisions or subdivisions (同)unsubdivided
having few parts; not complex or complicated or involved; "a simple problem"; "simple mechanisms"; "a simple design"; "a simple substance"
being long-lasting and recurrent or characterized by long suffering; "chronic indigestion"; "a chronic shortage of funds"; "a chronic invalid"
of long duration; "chronic money problems" (同)continuing
habitual; "a chronic smoker" (同)inveterate
an eye disease that damages the optic nerve and impairs vision (sometimes progressing to blindness); "contrary to popular belief, glaucoma is not always caused by elevated intraocular pressure"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『簡単な』容易な,分かりやすい / (複合に対して)単一の / 『単純な』,込み入っていない / 『純然たる』,全くの / 『飾り気のない』,簡素な,地味な,質素な / 『もったいぶらない』;誠実な,実直な / お人よしの,だまされやすい / 《文》地位のない,普通の,平(ひら)の
薬草,薬用植物
(病気が)長期にわたる,慢性の / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》常習の,癖になった
あおそこひ,緑内障(視力が減退する眼病)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 幼児および小児における緑内障の概要 overview of glaucoma in infants and children
2. 閉塞隅角緑内障 angle closure glaucoma
3. 原発性乳児緑内障 primary infantile glaucoma
4. 開放隅角緑内障：疫学、臨床症状、および診断 open angle glaucoma epidemiology clinical presentation and diagnosis
5. 持続性の流涙がみられる小児に対するアプローチ approach to the child with persistent tearing

English Journal

Altered aquaporin expression in glaucoma eyes.

Tran TL, Bek T, Cour ML, Nielsen S, Prause JU, Hamann S, Heegaard S.Author information Eye Pathology Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.AbstractAquaporins (AQP) are channels in the cell membrane that mainly facilitate a passive transport of water. In the eye, AQPs are expressed in the ciliary body and retina and may contribute to the pathogenesis of glaucoma and optic neuropathy. We investigated the expression of AQP1, AQP3, AQP4, AQP5, AQP7 and AQP9 in human glaucoma eyes compared with normal eyes. Nine glaucoma eyes were examined. Of these, three eyes were diagnosed with primary open angle glaucoma; three eyes had neovascular glaucoma; and three eyes had chronic angle-closure glaucoma. Six eyes with normal intraocular pressure and without glaucoma were used as control. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against AQP1, AQP3, AQP4, AQP5, AQP7 and AQP9. For each specimen, optical densities of immunoprecipitates were measured using Photoshop and the staining intensities were calculated. Immunostaining showed labelling of AQP7 and AQP9 in the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium and the staining intensities were significantly decreased in glaucoma eyes (p = 0.003; p = 0.018). AQP7 expression in the Müller cell endfeet was increased (p = 0.046), and AQP9 labelling of the retinal ganglion cells (RGC) showed decreased intensity (p = 0.037). No difference in AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 expression was found in the optic nerve fibres. This study is the first investigating AQPs in human glaucoma eyes. We found a reduced expression of AQP9 in the retinal ganglion cells of glaucoma eyes. Glaucoma also induced increased AQP7 expression in the Müller cell endfeet. In the ciliary body of glaucoma eyes, the expression of AQP7 and AQP9 was reduced. Therefore, the expression of AQPs seems to play a role in glaucoma.
APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica.APMIS.2014 Jan 31. doi: 10.1111/apm.12225. [Epub ahead of print]
Aquaporins (AQP) are channels in the cell membrane that mainly facilitate a passive transport of water. In the eye, AQPs are expressed in the ciliary body and retina and may contribute to the pathogenesis of glaucoma and optic neuropathy. We investigated the expression of AQP1, AQP3, AQP4, AQP5, AQP
PMID 24479869

Is vitamin D status associated with open-angle glaucoma? A cross-sectional study from South Korea.

Yoo TK1, Oh E1, Hong S2.Author information 11 Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea.23 Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.AbstractOBJECTIVE: Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is one of the major chronic diseases involving the optic nerve. However, little is known about the association between vitamin D and OAG. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that lower vitamin D status is associated with greater prevalence of OAG.
Public health nutrition.Public Health Nutr.2014 Jan 10:1-11. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE: Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is one of the major chronic diseases involving the optic nerve. However, little is known about the association between vitamin D and OAG. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that lower vitamin D status is associated with greater prevalence of O
PMID 24476947

Glaucoma management: relative value and place in therapy of available drug treatments.

Sambhara D1, Aref AA2.Author information 1University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL, USA.2Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, 1855 West Taylor Street, Suite 3.171, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.AbstractLowering intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only proven therapeutic intervention for glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Despite advances in laser and microsurgical techniques, medical IOP reduction remains the first-line treatment option for the majority of patients with open-angle glaucoma. Prostaglandin analogs are the most efficacious topical agents and carry a remarkable safety profile. Topical beta-blockers, alpha-agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are often employed as adjunctive agents for further IOP control. Newer preserved and nonpreserved formulations are available and appear to be less toxic to the ocular surface. Oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, miotic agents, and hyperosmotics are infrequently used due to a host of potentially serious adverse events. Medical therapies on the horizon include rho-kinase inhibitors, neuroprotective interventions, and gene therapies.
Therapeutic advances in chronic disease.Ther Adv Chronic Dis.2014 Jan;5(1):30-43.
Lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only proven therapeutic intervention for glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Despite advances in laser and microsurgical techniques, medical IOP reduction remains the first-line treatment option for the majority of patients with open-angle glaucoma. Prostaglandi
PMID 24381726

Japanese Journal

Reduced Fibrinolytic Activity in Aqueous Humor of Chronic Simple Glaucoma

MEHRA K. S.,DUBE B.,MIKUNI Ikuo,DUBE R. K.
Tokai journal of experimental and clinical medicine 9(1), 33-34, 1984-03
… Fibrinolytic activity of aqueous humor was tested by the Astrup fibrin plate lysis technique in 7 patients who had chronic simple glaucoma and was compared with a control group of 7 patients with senile cataract. … The plasminogen activator content of aqueous humour in glaucoma patients was remarkably reduced; …
NAID 110004691074