WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
of, pertaining to, or occurring in both polar regions; "the bipolar distribution of certain species"
having two poles
of or relating to manic depressive illness

PrepTutorEJDIC

(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
(地球の北極と南極のように)二極がある / 両極の(にある)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/12 16:40:16」(JST)

wiki en

A bipolar cell is a type of neuron which has two extensions. Bipolar cells are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions.

Common examples are the bipolar cell of the retina, the ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve,^[1] and the extensive use of bipolar cells to transmit efferent (motor) signals to control muscles.

The four types of retinal neurons are bipolar cells, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.

Bipolar cells in retina

Oftentimes found in the retina, bipolar cells are crucial as they serve as both direct and indirect cell pathways. The specific location of the bipolar cells allow them to facilitate the pathway of signals both where they start in the receptors as well as where they arrive at the ganglion cells. Bipolar cells in the retina are also unique as they do not fire impulses like the other cells found within the retina. Rather, bipolar cells have a receptive-field that surrounds them. Therefore, bipolar cells may exist as off-center or on-center. The off-center bipolar cells possess excitatory relationships with the synapses and are hyperpolarized by light. On-center bipolar cells have inhibitory synapses and therefore are suppressed in the dark.^[2]

Bipolar cells in vestibular nerve

Bipolar neurons exist within the vestibular nerve as it is responsible for special sensory sensations including hearing, equilibrium and motion detection. The majority of the bipolar neurons belonging to the vestibular nerve exist within the vestibular ganglion with axons extending into the maculae of utricle and saccule as well as into the ampullae of the semicircular canals.^[3]

Bipolar cells in spinal ganglia

Bipolar cells are also found in the spinal ganglia, when the cells are in an embryonic condition.

Sometimes the extensions, also called processes, come off from opposite poles of the cell, and the cell then assumes a spindle shape; in other cells both processes emerge at the same point.

In some cases where two fibers are apparently connected with a cell, one of the fibers is really derived from an adjoining nerve cell and is passing to end in a ramification around the ganglion cell, or, again, it may be coiled helically around the nerve process which is issuing from the cell.

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

^ Bipolar+cell at eMedicine Dictionary
^ David Hubel's Eye, Brain and, Vision, [1]
^ Clinically Oriented Anatomy, [2]

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「網膜」「双極細胞」
関連記事	「bipolar」「cell」

「網膜」

Bipolar neuron
	Bipolar nerve cell from the spinal ganglion of the pike.
Details
Identifiers
Latin	neuron bipolare
Code	TH H2.00.06.1.00050
Dorlands; /Elsevier	c_18/12222719
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: retina
関: 眼、眼球

図：SP.275,

組織学

10層よりなる (SP.275)

構造	層		細胞体
脈絡膜
網膜
1	色素上皮層		色素上皮細胞	pigment epithelium cell
2	杆体錐体層	rod and cone layer
3	外境界膜
4	外顆粒層	outer nuclear layer	視細胞	photoreceptor
5	外網状層	outer plexiform layer
6	内顆粒層	inner nuclear layer	双極細胞	bipolar cell
			水平細胞	horizontal cell
			アマクリン細胞	amacrine cell
7	内網状層	inner plexiform layer
8	神経節細胞層	ganglion cell layer	神経節細胞	ganglion cell
9	神経線維層	optic nerve fiber layer
10	内境界膜

視細胞層(外顆粒層)には以下の細胞が存在

杆状体細胞　明暗　ロドプシン　　 rhodopsin　＝　オプシン(opsin)　　　　　＋　レチナール(retinal)
錐状体細胞　色覚　ヨードプシン　 iodopsin　＝　フォトプシン(photopsin)　＋　レチナール(retinal)

感覚網膜(神経上皮)　＋　網膜色素上皮　の２つの上皮からなる。

臨床関連

黄斑変性症
網脈絡膜変性疾患

網膜色素変性症

「双極細胞」

　　[★]

英: bipolar cell
同: 両極細胞
関: 網膜

「bipolar」

　　[★]

adj.

双極性の、双極型の、双極の、二極性の、バイポラーの

関: dipolar

「cell」

　　[★] 細胞　　　　　　　

[1] Bipolar+cell at eMedicine Dictionary

[2] David Hubel's Eye, Brain and, Vision, [1]

[3] Clinically Oriented Anatomy, [2]

Bipolar neuron
Bipolar nerve cell from the spinal ganglion of the pike.
Details
Identifiers
Latin	neuron bipolare
Code	TH H2.00.06.1.00050
Dorlands /Elsevier	c_18/12222719
*Anatomical terminology* [edit on Wikidata]

匿名

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案内

案内

bipolar cell