出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2018/01/31 12:12:14」(JST)
Absorbed dose is a physical dose quantity D representing the mean energy imparted to matter per unit mass by ionizing radiation. In the SI system of units, the unit of measure is joules per kilogram, and its special name is gray (Gy).[1] The non-SI CGS unit rad is sometimes also used, predominantly in the USA.
Absorbed dose is used in the calculation of dose uptake in living tissue in both radiation protection and radiology. It is also used to directly compare the effect of radiation on inanimate matter.
The quantity absorbed dose is of fundamental importance in radiological protection for calculating radiation dose. However, absorbed dose is a physical quantity and used unmodified is not an adequate indicator of the likely health effects in humans.
It has been found that for stochastic radiation risk (defined as probability of cancer induction and genetic effects) consideration must be given to the type of radiation and the sensitivity of the irradiated tissues, which requires the use of modifying factors. Conventionally, unmodified absorbed dose is not used for comparing stochastic risks but only for acute dose giving rise to tissue effects, such as in acute radiation syndrome.
To represent stochastic risk the equivalent dose H T and effective dose E are used, and appropriate dose factors and coefficients are used to calculate these from the absorbed dose.[2] Equivalent and effective dose quantities are expressed in units of the sievert or rem which implies that biological effects have been taken into account. These are usually in accordance with the recommendations of the International Committee on Radiation Protection (ICRP) and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). The coherent system of radiological protection quantities developed by them is shown in the accompanying diagram.
The measurement of absorbed dose in tissue is of fundamental importance in radiobiology and radiation therapy as it is the measure of the amount of energy the incident radiation is imparting to the target tissue.
Absorbed dose is used to rate the survivability of devices such as electronic components in ionizing radiation environments.
Absorbed dose is the physical dose quantity used to ensure irradiated food has received the correct dose to ensure effectiveness. Variable doses are used depending on the application and can be as high as 70 kGy.
The absorbed dose is equal to the radiation exposure (ions or C/kg) of the radiation beam multiplied by the ionization energy of the medium to be ionized.
For example, the ionization energy of dry air at 20 °C and 101.325 kPa of pressure is 7001339700000000000♠33.97±0.06 J/C.[3]:305 (33.97 eV per ion pair) Therefore, an exposure of 6996258000000000000♠2.58×10−4 C/kg (1 roentgen) would deposit an absorbed dose of 6997876000000000000♠8.76×10−3 J/kg (0.00876 Gy or 0.876 rad) in dry air at those conditions.
When the absorbed dose is not uniform, or when it is only applied to a portion of a body or object, an absorbed dose representative of the entire item can be calculated by taking a mass-weighted average of the absorbed doses at each point.
More precisely,[4]
Where
Non-uniform absorbed dose is common for soft radiations such as low energy x-rays or beta radiation. Self-shielding means that the absorbed dose will be higher in the tissues facing the source than deeper in the body.
The mass average can be important in evaluating the risks of radiotherapy treatments, since they are designed to target very specific volumes in the body, typically a tumour. For example, if 10% of a patient's bone marrow mass is irradiated with 10 Gy of radiation locally, then the absorbed dose in bone marrow overall would be 1 Gy. Bone marrow makes up 4% of the body mass, so the whole-body absorbed dose would be 0.04 Gy. The first figure (10 Gy) is indicative of the local effects on the tumour, while the second and third figure (1 Gy and 0.04 Gy) are better indicators of the overall health effects on the whole organism. Additional dosimetry calculations would have to be performed on these figures to arrive at a meaningful effective dose, which is needed to estimate the risk of cancer or other stochastic effects.
When ionizing radiation is used to treat cancer, the doctor will usually prescribe the radiotherapy treatment in units of gray. Medical imaging doses may be described in units of coulomb per kilogram, but when radiopharmaceuticals are used, they will usually be administered in units of becquerel.
The following table shows radiation quantities in SI and non-SI units:
| Quantity | Name | Symbol | Unit | Year | SI Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Activity (A) | curie | Ci | 3.7 × 1010 s−1 | 1953 | 3.7×1010 Bq |
| becquerel | Bq | s−1 | 1974 | SI | |
| rutherford | Rd | 106 s−1 | 1946 | 1,000,000 Bq | |
| Exposure (X) | röntgen | R | esu / 0.001293 g of air | 1928 | 2.58 × 10−4 C/kg |
| Fluence (Φ) | (reciprocal area) | m−2 | 1962 | SI | |
| Absorbed dose (D) | erg | erg⋅g−1 | 1950 | 1.0 × 10−4 Gy | |
| rad | rad | 100 erg⋅g−1 | 1953 | 0.010 Gy | |
| gray | Gy | J⋅kg−1 | 1974 | SI | |
| Dose equivalent (H) | röntgen equivalent man | rem | 100 erg⋅g−1 | 1971 | 0.010 Sv |
| sievert | Sv | J⋅kg−1 × WR | 1977 | SI |
Although the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission permits the use of the units curie, rad, and rem alongside SI units,[5] the European Union European units of measurement directives required that their use for "public health ... purposes" be phased out by 31 December 1985.[6]
| Phase | Symptom | Whole-body absorbed dose (Gy) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1–2 Gy | 2–6 Gy | 6–8 Gy | 8–30 Gy | > 30 Gy | ||
| Immediate | Nausea and vomiting | 5–50% | 50–100% | 75–100% | 90–100% | 100% |
| Time of onset | 2–6 h | 1–2 h | 10–60 min | < 10 min | Minutes | |
| Duration | < 24 h | 24–48 h | < 48 h | < 48 h | N/A (patients die in < 48 h) | |
| Diarrhea | None | None to mild (< 10%) | Heavy (> 10%) | Heavy (> 95%) | Heavy (100%) | |
| Time of onset | — | 3–8 h | 1–3 h | < 1 h | < 1 h | |
| Headache | Slight | Mild to moderate (50%) | Moderate (80%) | Severe (80–90%) | Severe (100%) | |
| Time of onset | — | 4–24 h | 3–4 h | 1–2 h | < 1 h | |
| Fever | None | Moderate increase (10–100%) | Moderate to severe (100%) | Severe (100%) | Severe (100%) | |
| Time of onset | — | 1–3 h | < 1 h | < 1 h | < 1 h | |
| CNS function | No impairment | Cognitive impairment 6–20 h | Cognitive impairment > 24 h | Rapid incapacitation | Seizures, tremor, ataxia, lethargy | |
| Latent period | 28–31 days | 7–28 days | < 7 days | None | None | |
| Illness | Mild to moderate Leukopenia Fatigue |
Moderate to severe Leukopenia Purpura |
Severe leukopenia High fever |
Nausea Vomiting |
N/A (patients die in < 48h) | |
| Mortality | Without care | 0–5% | 5–95% | 95–100% | 100% | 100% |
| With care | 0–5% | 5–50% | 50–100% | 99–100% | 100% | |
| Death | 6–8 weeks | 4–6 weeks | 2–4 weeks | 2 days – 2 weeks | 1–2 days | |
| Table Source[7] | ||||||
Radiation protection
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| Main articles |
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| Measurement quantities & units |
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| Instruments and measurement techniques |
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See also: the categories Medical physics, Radiation effects, Radioactivity, Radiobiology, and Radiation protection.
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| リンク元 | 「吸収線量」 |
| 関連記事 | 「do」「dose」「absorb」「dosing」 |
| 単位 | 意味 | ||
| 吸収線量 | グレイ | Gy | 物質が吸収するエネルギーの量 |
| 等価線量 | シーベルト | Sv | 吸収されたエネルギーが生体に与える影響を、線種により補正 |
| 実効線量 | 吸収されたエネルギーが生体に与える影響を体部位、臓器により補正。総和で実質吸収した線量が計算される。 | ||