Paroxetine
|
|
| Systematic (IUPAC) name |
| (3S,4R)-3-[(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl]-4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperidine |
| Clinical data |
| Trade names |
Paxil, Pexeva, Brisdelle |
| AHFS/Drugs.com |
monograph |
| MedlinePlus |
a698032 |
| Licence data |
US FDA:link |
| Pregnancy cat. |
D (AU) D (US) |
| Legal status |
Prescription Only (S4) (AU) ℞-only (CA) POM (UK) ℞-only (US) |
| Routes |
Oral |
| Pharmacokinetic data |
| Bioavailability |
Extensively absorbed from the GI tract, but extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver[1][2][3] |
| Protein binding |
93–95%[1][2][3] |
| Metabolism |
Extensive, hepatic (mostly CYP2D6-mediated)[1][2][3] |
| Half-life |
21 hours[1][2][3] |
| Excretion |
Renal (64%; 2% unchanged and 62% as metabolites), Faecal (36%; <1% unchanged)[1][2][3] |
| Identifiers |
| CAS number |
61869-08-7 Y |
| ATC code |
N06AB05 |
| PubChem |
CID 43815 |
| DrugBank |
DB00715 |
| ChemSpider |
39888 Y |
| UNII |
41VRH5220H Y |
| KEGG |
D02362 Y |
| ChEBI |
CHEBI:7936 N |
| ChEMBL |
CHEMBL490 Y |
| Chemical data |
| Formula |
C19H20FNO3 |
| Mol. mass |
329.3 |
SMILES
- c1cc(ccc1[C@@H]2CCNC[C@H]2COc3ccc4c(c3)OCO4)F
|
InChI
-
InChI=1S/C19H20FNO3/c20-15-3-1-13(2-4-15)17-7-8-21-10-14(17)11-22-16-5-6-18-19(9-16)24-12-23-18/h1-6,9,14,17,21H,7-8,10-12H2/t14-,17-/m0/s1 Y
Key:AHOUBRCZNHFOSL-YOEHRIQHSA-N Y
|
N (what is this?) (verify)
|
Paroxetine (also known by the trade names Aropax, Paxil, Pexeva, Seroxat, Sereupin and Brisdelle) is an antidepressant drug of the SSRI type. Paroxetine is used to treat major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and vasomotor symptoms (e.g. hot flashes and night sweats) associated with menopause[4][5] in adult outpatients.
Marketing of the drug began in 1992 by the pharmaceutical company SmithKline Beecham, now GlaxoSmithKline. Generic formulations have been available since 2003 when the patent expired.[6] In both adults and children the efficacy of paroxetine for depression is comparable to that of placebo.[7][8][9][10] Differences with newer antidepressants are subtler and mostly confined to side effects. It shares the common side effects and contraindications of other SSRIs, with high rates of nausea, somnolence, and sexual side effects. Paroxetine is associated with clinically significant weight gain.[11] Discontinuing paroxetine is associated with a high risk of withdrawal syndrome.[12][13] Because of the increased risk of birth defects, pregnant women or women planning to become pregnant are recommended to stop the medication if possible.[14]
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 1.1 Depression
- 1.2 Pregnancy
- 1.3 Menopausal hot flashes
- 2 Adverse effects
- 2.1 Contraindications
- 2.2 Suicide
- 2.3 Discontinuation syndrome
- 2.4 Interactions
- 2.5 Overdosage
- 3 Pharmacology
- 4 Formulations
- 5 Society and culture
- 5.1 Controversy
- 5.2 Sales
- 6 Research
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Medical uses
Paroxetine is primarily used to treat major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD),[15] social phobia/social anxiety disorder,[16] premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)[17] and menopausal hot flashes.
Paroxetine was the first antidepressant formally approved in the United States for the treatment of panic attacks.[18]
Depression
When both published and unpublished trials are looked at, paroxetine does not appear to be any better than placebo in adults with moderate or severe depression.[7] In children with depression paroxetine is no better than placebo.[8][9][19]
Pregnancy
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that for pregnant women and women planning to become pregnant, "treatment with all SSRIs or selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors or both during pregnancy be individualized and paroxetine use among pregnant women or women planning to become pregnant be avoided, if possible."[14] According to the prescribing information[20] "epidemiological studies have shown that infants born to women who had first trimester paroxetine exposure had an increased risk of cardiovascular malformations, primarily ventricular and atrial septal defects (VSDs and ASDs). In general, septal defects range from those that are symptomatic and may require surgery to those that are asymptomatic and may resolve spontaneously. If a patient becomes pregnant while taking paroxetine, she should be advised of the potential harm to the fetus. Unless the benefits of paroxetine to the mother justify continuing treatment, consideration should be given to either discontinuing paroxetine therapy or switching to another antidepressant. For women who intend to become pregnant or are in their first trimester of pregnancy, paroxetine should only be initiated after consideration of the other available treatment options." These conclusions are supported by multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses that found that, on average, the use of paroxetine during pregnancy is associated with about 1.5–1.7-fold increase in congenital birth defects, in particular, heart defects.[21][22][23][24][25] A recent non-systematic review, reporting to have received support from GSK, came to a different conclusion: "the teratogenic potential of paroxetine that has been reported in some studies remains unproven".[26] Other reviews vary on whether the teratogenic risks outweigh the risk of disease relapse if the drug is discontinued: some advocate discontinuation,[21] while others suggest caution;[23] even where the overview of antidepressants generally is favorable, paroxetine is singled out for specific risks.[24] Paroxetine use during pregnancy increases the risk of spontaneous abortion.[27][28]
A large 2010 study — using the Swedish Medical Birth Register (MBR) from 1 July 1995 up to 2007 identified women who reported the use of antidepressants in early pregnancy or were prescribed antidepressants during pregnancy by antenatal care — found a specific association between Paxil use and infant cardiovascular defects.[29] A strong association between Paxil and hypospadias was also concluded in this study, though the researchers concluded that it is not clear if these effects were due to drug use or underlying pathology.[29]
Abrupt discontinuation of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy can also lead to serious adverse effects.[30]
Counseling is effective in reassuring women to adhere to therapy,[30] but neonatal paroxetine withdrawal symptoms described above have been documented from mothers taking Paxil during pregnancy.[31]
Menopausal hot flashes
On June 28, 2013 U.S. FDA approved low dose paroxetine mesylate – for the treatment of moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms (e.g. hot flashes and night sweats) associated with menopause. Paroxetine became the first and only non-hormonal prescription therapy for menopausal hot flashes approved by FDA.[32]
Adverse effects
Sexual dysfunction is a common side effect with SSRIs. Specifically, side effects often include difficulty becoming aroused, lack of interest in sex, and anorgasmia (trouble achieving orgasm). Genital anesthesia,[33] loss of or decreased response to sexual stimuli, and ejaculatory anhedonia are also possible. Although usually reversible, these sexual side effects can last for months or years after the drug has been completely withdrawn.[34] This is known as post SSRI sexual dysfunction.
Among the common adverse effects associated with paroxetine treatment of depression and listed in the prescribing information, those with the greatest difference from placebo are nausea (26% on paroxetine vs 9% on placebo), somnolence (23% vs. 9% on placebo), ejaculatory disturbance (13% vs. 0% on placebo), other male genital disorders (10% vs. 0% on placebo), asthenia (15% vs. 6% on placebo), sweating (11% vs. 2% on placebo), dizziness (13% vs. 6% on placebo), insomnia (13% vs. 6% on placebo), dry mouth (18% vs. 12% on placebo), constipation (14% vs. 9% on placebo), and tremor (8% vs. 2% on placebo).[20] Other side effects include high blood pressure, headache, agitation, weight gain, impaired memory, paresthesia, and decreased fertility.[35]
General side effects are mostly present during the first 1–4 weeks while the body acquires a tolerance to the drug, although once this happens, withdrawal can cause a rebound effect with symptoms re-emerging in an exaggerated form for very long periods of time. Almost all SSRIs are known to cause either one or more of these symptoms. A person receiving paroxetine treatment may experience a few, all, or none of the listed side-effects, and most side-effects will disappear or lessen with continued treatment, though some may last throughout the duration. Side effects are also often dose-dependent, with fewer and/or less severe symptoms being reported at lower dosages, and/or more severe symptoms being reported at higher dosages. Increases or changes in dosage may also cause symptoms to reappear or worsen.[20]
On 9 December 2004, the European Medicines Agency's (EMEA) Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) informed patients, prescribers, and parents that paroxetine should not be prescribed to children. CHMP also gave a warning to prescribers recommending close monitoring of adult patients at high risk of suicidal behaviour and/or suicidal thoughts. CHMP does not prohibit use of paroxetine with high risk adults but urges extreme caution. Due to reports of adverse withdrawal reactions upon terminating treatment, CHMP recommends to reduce gradually over several weeks or months if the decision to withdraw is made.[36] See also Discontinuation syndrome (withdrawal).
Cases of akathisia[37][38] and activation syndrome[39][40] have been observed during paroxetine treatment.
As described in the UK notice of Paxil, alcohol abuse can also appear.[20]
Rarely serotonin syndrome, a severe adverse effect may occur.[41][42]
Paroxetine and other SSRIs have been shown to cause sexual side effects in most patients, both males and females.[43] In males, paroxetine is also linked to sperm DNA fragmentation.[44]
Mania or hypomania may occur as a serious side effect of paroxetine,[45][46][47] affecting up to 8% of psychiatric patients treated. This side effect can occur in individuals with no history of mania but it is more likely to occur in those with bipolar or with a family history of mania.[48]
Schmitt et al. (2001) suggested that paroxetine negatively affects long-term memory, but not short-term, although the result has not been independently verified. In their study, healthy participants given paroxetine for 14 days (20 mg for days 1–7 and 40 mg days 8–14) showed poorer recall of words on day 14 compared to those receiving a placebo.[49] Schmitt et al. did not take into account a significant difference in verbal recall at baseline between the paroxetine and placebo groups, however, and this difference may have been the source of the significant group difference on day 14.[original research?] Moreover, participants receiving paroxetine recalled as many words at baseline as they recalled on day 14, which is not consistent with the conclusion that paroxetine negatively affects verbal recall.[original research?]
Paroxetine is associated with an increased risk of hyperacusis as compared with some similar medications.[50]
Contraindications
Paroxetine is contraindicated in all patients under 18, in all patients taking any of the drugs listed in the interactions section below, and in adult women who are or may become pregnant. Paroxetine may also be contraindicated in many adult men due to sexual and reproductive side effects described below. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration requires this drug to carry a boxed warning, its "most serious type of warning in prescription drug labeling",[51] due to increased risk of suicidal ideation and behavior. The warning also applies to other SSRIs, but the concern began with reports of suicidal behavior in paroxetine trials, as well as recommendations from the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency urging that paroxetine not be used in individuals younger than 18 years.[52]
Suicide
Paroxetine may increase the risk of suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior in children and adolescents. Because suicide is rare, it is difficult to test its relationship with the use of paroxetine. Some studies instead analyze suicidality, which generally refers to suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior. The FDA conducted a statistical analysis of paroxetine clinical trials in children and adolescents in 2004, finding an increase in "suicidality" and ideation as compared to placebo; the trend for increased "suicidality" was observed in both trials for depression and for anxiety disorders.[8] A University of North Carolina review of SSRIs found the average risk of suicide among adolescents was 4%, versus 2% on placebo, and among all patients "the greatest risk of self-harm was among paroxetine users."[53]
Discontinuation syndrome
See also: SSRI discontinuation syndrome
Many psychoactive medications can cause withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation from administration. Evidence has shown that paroxetine has among the highest incidence rates and severity of withdrawal syndrome of any medication of its class.[54] Common withdrawal symptoms for paroxetine include nausea, dizziness, lightheadedness and vertigo; insomnia, nightmares and vivid dreams; feelings of electricity in the body, as well as crying and anxiety.[55][56] Liquid formulation of paroxetine is available and allows a very gradual decrease of the dose, which may prevent discontinuation syndrome. Another recommendation is to temporarily switch to fluoxetine, which has a longer half-life and thus decreases the severity of discontinuation syndrome.[12][57][58]
In addition, The Lancet published an analysis of World Health Organization data showing SSRIs taken during pregnancy may cause withdrawal symptoms, including convulsions, in newborn children: among "93 suspected cases of SSRI-induced neonatal withdrawal syndrome...64 were associated with paroxetine, 14 with fluoxetine, nine with sertraline, and seven with citalopram."[59]
Interactions
GlaxoSmithKline cautions that drug interactions may create or increase specific risks, including Serotonin Syndrome or Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)-like Reactions:
- The development of a potentially life-threatening serotonin syndrome or Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)-like reactions have been reported with SNRIs and SSRIs alone, including treatment with PAXIL, but particularly with concomitant use of serotonergic drugs (including triptans) with drugs that impair metabolism of serotonin (including MAOIs), or with antipsychotics or other dopamine antagonists.
The prescribing information states that paroxetine should "not be used in combination with an MAOI (including linezolid, an antibiotic which is a reversible non-selective MAOI), or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with an MAOI", and should not be used in combination with pimozide, thioridazine, tryptophan, or warfarin.[20]
Paroxetine is interacts with the following cytochrome P450 enzymes:[60]
- CYP2D6 for which it is both a substrate and a potent inhibitor.[1][60] Its interaction with the CYP2D6 substrate (which is activated by CYP2D6 into its pharmacologically active form) and breast cancer medication, tamoxifen, is so great that the risk of mortality from breast cancer is increased by 24-91% (depending on the time and extent of coexposure) in patients coadministered paroxetine during tamoxifen treatment.[61]
- CYP2B6 (strong) inhibitor.
- CYP3A4 (weak) inhibitor.
- CYP1A2 (weak) inhibitor.
- CYP2C9 (weak) inhibitor.
- CYP2C19 (weak) inhibitor.
Overdosage
Acute overdosage is often manifested by emesis, lethargy, ataxia, tachycardia and seizures. Plasma, serum or blood concentrations of paroxetine may be measured to monitor therapeutic administration, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to aid in the medicolegal investigation of fatalities. Plasma paroxetine concentrations are generally in a range of 40–400 μg/L in persons receiving daily therapeutic doses and 200–2000 μg/L in poisoned patients. Postmortem blood levels have ranged from 1–4 mg/L in acute lethal overdose situations.[62][63]
Pharmacology
Paroxetine is the most potent and one of the most specific selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRI).[64] This activity of the drug on brain neurons is thought to be responsible for its antidepressant effects.
Its affinities are as follows:
- SERT (Ki = 0.04nM)[65]
- NET (Ki = 90nM)[65]
- DAT (Ki = 400nM)[65]
Paroxetine is a phenylpiperidine derivative, chemically unrelated to the tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressants. In receptor binding studies, paroxetine did not exhibit significant affinity for the adrenergic (α1, α2, β), dopaminergic, serotonergic (5HT1, 5HT2), or histamine receptors of rat brain membrane.[citation needed] A weak affinity for the muscarinic acetylcholine and noradrenaline receptors was evident.[citation needed] The predominant metabolites of paroxetine are approximately 1/50th the strength of paroxetine and are essentially inactive.[citation needed]
Paroxetine has been shown to have antimicrobial activity against several groups of microorganisms, mainly Gram positive microorganisms. It also shows synergistic activity when combined with some antibiotics against several bacteria.[66] Additionally, paroxetine has demonstrated antifungal activity, being most potent against the hypersusceptible Candida albicans strain DSY1204.[67]
Formulations
Paroxetine CR (controlled release) was shown to be associated with a lower rate of nausea during the first week of treatment than paroxetine immediate release. However, the rate of treatment discontinuation due to nausea was not significantly different.[68]
Society and culture
Controversy
For 10 years, GlaxoSmithKline marketing of the drug stated that it was "not habit forming", which numerous experts and at least one court found to be incorrect.[69][70][71] In 2002, the U.S. FDA published a new product warning about the drug, and the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations said GSK had misled the public about paroxetine and breached two of the Federation's codes of practice.[72] The suppression of unfavorable research findings on Paxil by GSK — and the legal discovery process that uncovered it — is the subject of Alison Bass's 2008 book Side Effects: A Prosecutor, a Whistleblower, and a Bestselling Antidepressant on Trial.
The British Medical Journal quoted Charles Medawar, head of Social Audit: "This drug has been promoted for years as safe and easy to discontinue.... The fact that it can cause intolerable withdrawal symptoms of the kind that could lead to dependence is enormously important to patients, doctors, investors, and the company. GlaxoSmithKline has evaded the issue since it was granted a license for paroxetine over 10 years ago, and the drug has become a blockbuster for them, generating about a tenth of their entire revenue. The company has been promoting paroxetine directly to consumers as 'non-habit forming' for far too long." Paroxetine prescribing information posted at GlaxoSmithKline now acknowledges the occurrence of a discontinuation syndrome, including serious discontinuation symptoms.[20]
Since the FDA approved paroxetine in 1992, approximately 5,000 U.S. citizens have sued GSK. Most of these people feel they were not sufficiently warned in advance of the drug's side effects—particularly the withdrawal syndrome, after GSK had specifically advertised the drug as non-habit forming.
In February 1998, 60-year-old Donald Schell was diagnosed with an anxiety state and placed on Paxil. Within forty-eight hours of being put on Paxil Schell killed his wife, daughter, infant granddaughter, and himself. Tim Tobin, Schell’s son-in-law, took legal action against SmithKline. Psychiatrist David Healy was retained as an expert witness in the case. The Tobin case was heard in Cheyenne, Wyoming from May 21 to June 6, 2001. On the stand SmithKline representative Ian Hudson indicated that no matter how many physicians or clinicians reported to the company that they thought suicide was related to the Paxil, SmithKline would deny causation. The jury returned a guilty verdict against SmithKline and awarded Tobin $6.4 million.[73][74][75][76] This was the first verdict returned guilty against a pharmaceutical company regarding adverse behavioral effects of a psychotropic drug".[73]
In 2001, GSK increased its American TV advertising of Paxil after the September 11 attacks; in October 2001, GSK spent nearly twice as much as in October 2000.[77] The difficulty of withdrawal from paroxetine, and GSK's concealment of it, was later reported on ABC.[78]
Since 2001 in the UK, lawsuits have been filed representing people who have been prescribed Seroxat. They allege that the drug has serious side effects, which GlaxoSmithKline downplayed in patient information.[79][80]
In early 2004, GSK agreed to settle charges of consumer fraud for $2.5 million (a tiny fraction of the over $2.7 billion in yearly Paxil sales at that time).[81] The legal discovery process also uncovered evidence of deliberate, systematic suppression of unfavorable Paxil research results. One of GSK's internal documents had said, "It would be commercially unacceptable to include a statement that efficacy [in children] had not been demonstrated, as this would undermine the profile of paroxetine".[82]
In June 2004, FDA published a violation letter to GSK in response to a "false or misleading" TV ad for Paxil CR; FDA stated, "This ad is concerning from a public health perspective because it broadens the use of Paxil CR [beyond the conditions it was approved for] while also minimizing the serious risks associated with the drug."[83] GSK claimed the ad had been previously reviewed by FDA, but said the ad would not run again.[84]
On January 29, 2007, the BBC broadcast a fourth documentary in its Panorama series about the drug Seroxat.[85] This programme, entitled "Secrets of the Drug Trials", focused on three GSK paediatric clinical trials on depressed children and adolescents. Data from the trials show that Seroxat could not be proven to work for teenagers. Also, one clinical trial indicated that adolescents were six times more likely to become suicidal after taking it. Results from Study 329, one of the trials, were reported[86] in a way that misled readers about paroxetine's safety and efficacy, and contributed to repeated distortions in the assessment of the drug's value in paediatric depression in the scientific literature.[87][unreliable source?]
The court documents released as a result of one of the lawsuits in October 2008 indicated that GSK "and/or researchers may have suppressed or obscured suicide risk data during clinical trials" of paroxetine. One of the investigators, "Charles Nemeroff, former chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at Emory University, was the first big name 'outed' ...In early October 2008, Nemeroff stepped down as department chair amid revelations that he had received over $960,000 from GSK in 2006, yet reported less than $35,000 to the school. Subsequent investigations revealed payments totaling more than $2.5 million from drug companies between 2000 and 2006, yet only a fraction was disclosed."[88]
The suppression of unfavorable research findings on Paxil by GSK — and the legal discovery process that uncovered it — is the subject of Alison Bass's 2008 book Side Effects: A Prosecutor, a Whistleblower, and a Bestselling Antidepressant on Trial. The book chronicles the lives of two women – a prosecutor and a whistleblower – who exposed deception in the research and marketing of Paxil. The book shows the connections between pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline, a top Ivy League research institution, and the government agency designed to protect the public – conflicted relationships that arguably compromised the health and safety of vulnerable children. Side Effects received the NASW Science in Society Award for 2009.[89][90]
In 2012 the U.S. Justice Department announced that GSK had agreed to plead guilty and pay a $3 billion fine, in part for promoting the use of Paxil for children.[91]
Sales
In 2007, paroxetine was ranked 94th on the list of bestselling drugs, with over $1 billion in sales. In 2006, paroxetine was the fifth-most prescribed antidepressant in the United States retail market, with more than 19.7 million prescriptions.[92] In 2007, sales had dropped slightly to 18.1 million but paroxetine remained the fifth-most prescribed antidepressant in the U.S.[93][94]
Research
Several studies have suggested that paroxetine can be used in the treatment of premature ejaculation. In particular, intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) was found to increase with 6–13-fold, which was somewhat longer than the delay achieved by the treatment with other SSRIs (fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, sertraline, and citalopram).[95][96][97] However, paroxetine taken acutely ("on demand") 3–10 hours before coitus resulted only in a "clinically irrelevant and sexually unsatisfactory" 1.5-fold delay of ejaculation and was inferior to clomipramine, which induced a fourfold delay.[97] The reason it causes a delay in ejaculation is because it greatly reduces sex drive, in some cases, causing an inability to gain an erection or ejaculate. SSRIs are also effective in the treatment of severe premenstrual syndrome;[98] however, paroxetine is contraindicated in women who may become pregnant due to its teratogenicity and its high risk of withdrawal syndrome in both adults and neonates. See Paroxetine and pregnancy.
There is also evidence that paroxetine may be effective in the treatment of compulsive gambling[99] and hot flashes.[100]
Benefits of paroxetine prescription for diabetic neuropathy[101] or chronic tension headache.[102] are uncertain.
Emerging evidence shows that antipsychotics can be used as a supplement or alternative to paroxetine in patients with generalised anxiety disorder.[4]
Although the evidence is conflicting, paroxetine may be effective for the treatment of dysthymia, a chronic disorder involving depressive symptoms for most days of the year.[103]
References
- ^ a b c d e f "PRODUCT INFORMATION PAROXETINE SANDOZ 20mg FILM-COATED TABLETS". TGA eBusiness Services. Sandoz Pty Ltd. 18 January 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
- ^ a b c d e "PAROXETINE (paroxetine hydrochloride hemihydrate) tablet, film coated [Mylan Institutional Inc.]". DailyMed. Mylan Institutional Inc. January 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
- ^ a b c d e "Paroxetine 10mg Film-coated Tablet - Summary of Product Characteristics". electronic Medicines Compendium. Actavis UK Ltd. 13 September 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
- ^ a b Katzman MA (2009). "Current considerations in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder". CNS Drugs 23 (2): 103–20. doi:10.2165/00023210-200923020-00002. PMID 19173371.
- ^ Food and Drug Administration (June 28, 2013). "FDA NEWS RELEASE: FDA approves the first non-hormonal treatment for hot flashes associated with menopause".
- ^ Smith, Aaron (May 11, 2005). "New profit twist for drugmakers". CNN Money.
- ^ a b Barbui, C; Furukawa, TA; Cipriani, A (2008 Jan 29). "Effectiveness of paroxetine in the treatment of acute major depression in adults: a systematic re-examination of published and unpublished data from randomized trials.". CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne 178 (3): 296–305. PMID 18227449.
- ^ a b c Hammad TA (2004-08-16). "Review and evaluation of clinical data: relationship between psychotropic drugs and pediatric suicidality" (PDF). Joint Meeting of the Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee and Pediatric Advisory Committee. September 13–14, 2004. Briefing Information. FDA. p. 30. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
- ^ a b Hammad TA, Laughren T, Racoosin J (March 2006). "Suicidality in pediatric patients treated with antidepressant drugs". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 63 (3): 332–9. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.3.332. PMID 16520440.
- ^ "Report of the CSM expert working group on the safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants" (PDF). MHRA. 2004-12. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ Papakostas GI (2008). "Tolerability of modern antidepressants". J Clin Psychiatry 69 (Suppl E1): 8–13. PMID 18494538.
- ^ a b Haddad P (2001). "Antidepressant discontinuation syndromes". Drug Saf 24 (3): 183–97. doi:10.2165/00002018-200124030-00003. PMID 11347722.
- ^ Tonks A (February 2002). "Withdrawal from paroxetine can be severe, warns FDA". BMJ 324 (7332): 260. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7332.260. PMC 1122195. PMID 11823353.
- ^ a b ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice (December 2006). "ACOG Committee Opinion No. 354: Treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy". Obstet Gynecol 108 (6): 1601–3. doi:10.1097/00006250-200612000-00058. PMID 17138801.
- ^ Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, Bandelow B, Bond A, Davidson JR, den Boer JA, Fineberg NA, Knapp M, Scott J, Wittchen HU (2005). "Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology". Journal of Psychopharmacology 19 (6): 567–596. doi:10.1177/0269881105059253. PMID 16272179.
- ^ D Baldwin, J Bobes, DJ Stein, I Scharwachter and M Faure (1999). "Paroxetine in social phobia/social anxiety disorder. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Paroxetine Study Group". The British Journal of Psychiatry 175 (2): 120–6. doi:10.1192/bjp.175.2.120. PMID 10627793.
- ^ Yonkers KA, Gullion C, Williams A, Novak K, Rush AJ. (1996). "Paroxetine as a treatment for premenstrual dysphoric disorder". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 16 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1097/00004714-199602000-00002. PMID 8834412.
- ^ Turner, Francis Joseph (2005). Social Work Diagnosis in Contemporary Practice. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-516878-X.
- ^ "Report of the CSM expert working group on the safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants" (PDF). MHRA. 2004-12. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
- ^ a b c d e f "PAXIL (paroxetine hydrochloride) Tablets and Oral Suspension: PRESCRIBING INFORMATION" (PDF). Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline. August 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-14.
- ^ a b Thormahlen GM (October 2006). "Paroxetine use during pregnancy: is it safe?". Ann Pharmacother 40 (10): 1834–7. doi:10.1345/aph.1H116. PMID 16926304.
- ^ Way CM (2007). "Safety of newer antidepressants in pregnancy". Pharmacotherapy 27 (4): 546–52. doi:10.1592/phco.27.4.546. PMID 17381382.
- ^ a b Bellantuono C, Migliarese G, Gentile S (2007). "Serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy and the risk of major malformations: a systematic review". Hum Psychopharmacol 22 (3): 121–8. doi:10.1002/hup.836. PMID 17397101.
- ^ a b Källén B (July 2007). "The safety of antidepressant drugs during pregnancy". Expert Opin Drug Saf 6 (4): 357–70. doi:10.1517/14740338.6.4.357. PMID 17688379.
- ^ Bar-Oz B, Einarson T, Einarson A, et al (May 2007). "Paroxetine and congenital malformations: meta-Analysis and consideration of potential confounding factors". Clin Ther 29 (5): 918–26. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.05.003. PMID 17697910.
- ^ Gentile S, Bellantuono C (March 2009). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor exposure during early pregnancy and the risk of fetal major malformations: focus on paroxetine". J Clin Psychiatry 70 (3): 414–22. doi:10.4088/JCP.08r04468. PMID 19254517.
- ^ Broy, P.; Bérard, A. (2010). "Gestational exposure to antidepressants and the risk of spontaneous abortion: A review". Current drug delivery 7 (1): 76–92. doi:10.2174/156720110790396508. PMID 19863482. edit
- ^ Nakhai-Pour, H. R.; Broy, P.; Bérard, A. (2010). "Use of antidepressants during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion". Canadian Medical Association Journal 182 (10): 1031–1037. doi:10.1503/cmaj.091208. PMC 2900326. PMID 20513781. Lay summary. edit
- ^ a b Reis M, Kallen B (2010). "Delivery outcome after maternal use of antidepressant drugs in pregnancy: an update using Swedish data". Psychological Medicine 40 (10): 1723–33. doi:10.1017/S0033291709992194. PMID 20047705.
- ^ a b Einarson A, Selby P, Koren G (January 2001). "Abrupt discontinuation of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy: fear of teratogenic risk and impact of counselling" (PDF). J Psychiatry Neurosci 26 (1): 44–8. PMC 1408034. PMID 11212593.
- ^ Haddad PM, Pal BR, Clarke P, Wieck A, Sridhiran S (September 2005). "Neonatal symptoms following maternal paroxetine treatment: serotonin toxicity or paroxetine discontinuation syndrome?". J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford) 19 (5): 554–7. doi:10.1177/0269881105056554. PMID 16166193.
- ^ FDA NEWS RELEASE: FDA approves the first non-hormonal treatment for hot flashes associated with menopause, Jun. 28, 2013 http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm359030.htm
- ^ Bolton JM, Sareen J, Reiss JP (2006). "Genital anaesthesia persisting six years after sertraline discontinuation". J Sex Marital Ther 32 (4): 327–30. doi:10.1080/00926230600666410. PMID 16709553.
- ^ Csoka AB, Bahrick AS, Mehtonen O-P (2008). "Persistent Sexual Dysfunction after Discontinuation of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)". J Sex Med. 5 (1): 227–33. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00630.x. PMID 18173768.
- ^ Masand PS, Gupta S (1999). "Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors: an update". Harv Rev Psychiatry 7 (2): 69–84. doi:10.1093/hrp/7.2.69. PMID 10471245.
- ^ "Press release, CHMP meeting on Paroxetine and other SSRIs" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 2004-12-09. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
- ^ Olivera AA (1996). "A case of paroxetine-induced akathisia". Biol. Psychiatry 39 (10): 910. doi:10.1016/0006-3223(96)84504-5. PMID 8860197.
- ^ Baldassano CF, Truman CJ, Nierenberg A, Ghaemi SN, Sachs GS (1996). "Akathisia: a review and case report following paroxetine treatment". Compr Psychiatry 37 (2): 122–4. doi:10.1016/S0010-440X(96)90572-6. PMID 8654061.
- ^ "Important Safety Information about Paxil CR". GlaxoSmithKline.
- ^ Nishida T, Wada M, Wada M, Ito H, Narabayashi M, Onishi H (2008). "Activation syndrome caused by paroxetine in a cancer patient". Palliat Support Care 6 (2): 183–5. doi:10.1017/S1478951508000278. PMID 18501054.
- ^ Ochiai Y, Katsu H, Okino S, Wakutsu N, Nakayama K (2003). "[Case of prolonged recovery from serotonin syndrome caused by paroxetine]". Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi (in Japanese) 105 (12): 1532–8. PMID 15027311.
- ^ Terao T, Hikichi T (2007). "Serotonin syndrome in a case of depression with various somatic symptoms: the difficulty in differential diagnosis". Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 31 (1): 295–6. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.07.007. PMID 16916568.
- ^ Clayton, A; Keller A, McGarvey EL. (2006). "Burden of phase-specific sexual dysfunction with SSRIs". Journal of Affective Disorders 91 (1): 27–32. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.007. PMID 16430968.
- ^ Wachter, Kerri (2009). "Paroxetine linked to sperm DNA fragmentation". Internal Medicine News.
- ^ Vesely C, Fischer P, Goessler R, Kasper S (February 1997). "Mania associated with serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors". J Clin Psychiatry 58 (2): 88. doi:10.4088/JCP.v58n0206e. PMID 9062382.
- ^ Ramasubbu R (2004). "Antidepressant treatment-associated behavioural expression of hypomania: a case series". Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 28 (7): 1201–7. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.06.015. PMID 15610935.
- ^ Grubbs JH (1997). "SSRI-induced mania". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36 (4): 445. doi:10.1097/00004583-199704000-00003. PMID 9100415.
- ^ Morishita S, Arita S (October 2003). "Induction of mania in depression by paroxetine". Hum Psychopharmacol 18 (7): 565–8. doi:10.1002/hup.531. PMID 14533140.
- ^ Schmitt JA, Kruizinga MJ, Riedel WJ (September 2001). "Non-serotonergic pharmacological profiles and associated cognitive effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors". J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford) 15 (3): 173–9. doi:10.1177/026988110101500304. PMID 11565624.
- ^ Tabachnick, Barbara (September 1998). "Sound Sensitivity" (PDF). Tinnitus Today. Retrieved 2013-10-30.
- ^ Antidepressant Medications for Children and Adolescents: Information for Parents and Caregivers, National Institute of Mental Health
- ^ Kyle, Jeffrey A. and Cortes, Jennifer (May 1, 2008) Black Box Warnings Incite Red Flags, Pharmacy Times.
- ^ Gartlehner G, Hansen RA, Kahwati L, Lohr KN, Gaynes B, Carey T (March 2006). "Drug Class Review on Second Generation Antidepressants: Final Report". Drug Class Reviews (Portland OR: Oregon Health & Science University). PMID 20480925. NBK10326.
- ^ "Anti-depressant addiction warning". BBC News. 2001-06-11. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
- ^ Skaehill, Penny A.; Welch, E.B. (October 1997). "Clinical Reviews: SSRI Withdrawal Syndrome". American Society of Consultant Pharmacists. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
- ^ Bhanji NH, Chouinard G, Kolivakis T, Margolese HC (2006). "Persistent tardive rebound panic disorder, rebound anxiety and insomnia following paroxetine withdrawal: a review of rebound-withdrawal phenomena" (PDF). Can J Clin Pharmacol 13 (1): e69–74. PMID 16456219.
- ^ Haddad PM, Anderson IM (November 2007). "Recognising and managing antidepressant discontinuation symptoms". Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 13 (6): 447–457. doi:10.1192/apt.bp.105.001966.
- ^ Dependence on Antidepressants & Halting SSRIs by Dr David Healy MD, FRCPsych. benzo.org.uk. Retrieved on 2013-04-23.
- ^ SSRIs Given During Pregnancy May Cause Withdrawal Symptoms in the Neonate. Medscape.com (2005-02-03). Retrieved on 2013-04-23.
- ^ a b Ciraulo, DA; Shader, RI, ed. (2011). "Pharmacotherapy of Depression". SpringerLink (2nd ed.) (New York, NY: Humana Press). doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-435-7. ISBN 978-1-60327-434-0. edit
- ^ Kelly CM, Juurlink DN, Gomes T, et al. (2010). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breast cancer mortality in women receiving tamoxifen: a population based cohort study". BMJ 340: c693. doi:10.1136/bmj.c693. PMC 2817754. PMID 20142325.
- ^ Goeringer KE, Raymon L, Christian GD, Logan BK (May 2000). "Postmortem forensic toxicology of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a review of pharmacology and report of 168 cases". J. Forensic Sci. 45 (3): 633–48. PMID 10855970.
- ^ R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 1190–1193.
- ^ Mellerup, Erling T.; Plenge, Per (July 1986). "High affinity binding of3H-paroxetine and3H-imipramine to rat neuronal membranes". Psychopharmacology 89 (4): 436–9. doi:10.1007/BF02412117. PMID 2944152.
- ^ a b c Mattson RJ, Catt JD, Denhart DJ, Deskus JA, Ditta JL, Higgins MA, Marcin LR, Sloan CP, Beno BR, Gao Q, Cunningham MA, Mattson GK, Molski TF, Taber MT, Lodge NJ. (2005 September 22). "Conformationally restricted homotryptamines. 2. Indole cyclopropylmethylamines as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 48 (19): 6023–34. doi:10.1021/jm0503291. PMID 16162005.
- ^ Munoz-Bellido JL, Munoz-Criado S, Garcìa-Rodrìguez JA (2000). "Antimicrobial activity of psychotropic drugs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 14 (3): 177–80. doi:10.1016/S0924-8579(99)00154-5. PMID 10773485.
- ^ Young TJ, Oliver GP, Pryde D, Perros M, Parkinson T (2003). "Antifungal activity of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors attributed to non-specific cytotoxicity". J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51 (4): 1045–7. doi:10.1093/jac/dkg184. PMID 12654745.
- ^ Golden RN, Nemeroff CB, McSorley P, Pitts CD, Dube EM. (2002). "Efficacy and tolerability of controlled-release and immediate-release paroxetine in the treatment of depression". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 63 (7): 577–584. doi:10.4088/JCP.v63n0707. PMID 12143913.
- ^ "Judge: Paxil ads can't say it isn't habit-forming". USA Today. 2002-08-20. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
- ^ Paxil Ad Injunction. Socialaudit.org.uk. Retrieved on 2013-04-23.
- ^ Paxil is Forever, City Pages, Oct 16 2002
- ^ "HOT flashes". Friend Indeed, A. 2002.
- ^ a b Anne Thompson (July 9, 2001). "Paxil Maker Held Liable in Murder/Suicide". Lawyers Weekly USA.
- ^ Tobin v. SmithKline Verdict, June 6, 2001
- ^ Tobin v. SmithKline Judgment, June 6, 2001
- ^ Philip J. Hilts (June 8, 2001). "Jury Awards $6.4 Million in Killings Tied to Drug". The New York Times.
- ^ "Drug Makers Find Sept. 11 A Marketing Opportunity". Psychiatric News 37 (5): 9. 1 March 2001.
- ^ Withdrawing from Antidepressants Can be Dangerous. YouTube (2007-12-19). Retrieved on 2013-04-23.
- ^ Garfield, Simon (2002-04-29). "The Chemistry of Happiness". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-09-09.
- ^ Stayton, Jonathan (2008-01-22). "Punk rocker sues over anti-depressant". The Argus. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
- ^ Angell M (15 January 2009). "Drug Companies & Doctors: A Story of Corruption". New York Review of Books 56 (1).
- ^ Kondro W, Sibbald B (March 2004). "Drug company experts advised staff to withhold data about SSRI use in children". CMAJ 170 (5): 783. doi:10.1503/cmaj.1040213. PMC 343848. PMID 14993169.
- ^ Fax to P. Kaia Agarwal. fda.gov. Retrieved on 2013-04-23.
- ^ "Company News; F.D.A. Asks Glaxosmithkline To Stop Running A Paxil Ad". The New York Times. 2004-06-12. Retrieved 2010-03-27.
- ^ "Secrets of the drug trials". BBC. 2007-01-29. Retrieved 2007-08-15.
- ^ Keller MB et al (July 2001). "Efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of adolescent major depression: a randomized, controlled trial". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40 (7): 762–72. doi:10.1097/00004583-200107000-00010. PMID 11437014.
- ^ Paxil Study 329: Paroxetine vs Imipramine vs Placebo in Adolescents, Healthy Skepticism International News, January 2010
- ^ Samson K (December 2008). "Senate probe seeks industry payment data on individual academic researchers". Ann. Neurol. 64 (6): A7–9. doi:10.1002/ana.21271. PMID 19107985.
- ^ Science in Society Journalism Award winners. The National Association of Science Writers (September 8, 2009).
- ^ Bass, Alison (2008), Side Effects: A Prosecutor, a Whistleblower, and a Bestselling Antidepressant on Trial, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.
- ^ Thomas, Katie; Schmidt, Michael S. (July 2, 2012). "Glaxo Agrees to Pay $3 Billion in Fraud Settlement". The New York Times.
- ^ The paroxetine prescriptions were calculated as a total of prescriptions for Paxil CR and generic paroxetine using data from the charts for generic and brand-name drugs."Top 200 generic drugs by units in 2006. Top 200 brand-name drugs by units.". Drug Topics, Mar 5, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
- ^ The paroxetine prescriptions were calculated as a total of prescriptions for Paxil CR and generic paroxetine using data from the charts for generic and brand-name drugs."Top 200 generic drugs by units in 2007". Drug Topics, Feb 18, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
- ^ "Top 200 brand drugs by units in 2007.". Drug Topics, Feb 18, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
- ^ Waldinger MD, Hengeveld MW, Zwinderman AH, Olivier B (August 1998). "Effect of SSRI antidepressants on ejaculation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study with fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 18 (4): 274–81. doi:10.1097/00004714-199808000-00004. PMID 9690692.
- ^ Waldinger MD, Zwinderman AH, Olivier B (2001). "SSRIs and ejaculation: a double-blind, randomized, fixed-dose study with paroxetine and citalopram". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 21 (6): 556–60. doi:10.1097/00004714-200112000-00003. PMID 11763001.
- ^ a b Waldinger MD, Zwinderman AH, Olivier B (2004). "On-demand treatment of premature ejaculation with clomipramine and paroxetine: a randomized, double-blind fixed-dose study with stopwatch assessment". Eur. Urol. 46 (4): 510–5; discussion 516. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2004.05.005. PMID 15363569.
- ^ Brown J, O' Brien PM, Marjoribanks J, Wyatt K (2009). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome". In Brown, Julie. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD001396. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001396.pub2. PMID 19370564.
- ^ Kim SW, Grant JE, Adson DE, Shin YC, Zaninelli R (2002). "A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of paroxetine in the treatment of pathological gambling". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 63 (6): 501–7. doi:10.4088/JCP.v63n0606. PMID 12088161.
- ^ Weitzner MA, Moncello J, Jacobsen PB, Minton S. (2002). "A pilot trial of paroxetine for the treatment of hot flashes and associated symptoms in women with breast cancer". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 23 (4): 337–345. doi:10.1016/S0885-3924(02)00379-2. PMID 11997203.
- ^ Vieta E, Martinez-Aran A, Goikolea JM, Torrent C, Colom F, Benabarre A, Reinares M (1999). "The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine is effective in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy symptoms". Pain 42 (2): 135–144. doi:10.1016/0304-3959(90)91157-E. PMID 2147235.
- ^ Langemark M, Olesen J (1994). "Sulpiride and paroxetine in the treatment of chronic tension-type headache. An explanatory double-blind trial". Headache 34 (1): 20–4. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1994.hed3401020.x. PMID 8132436.
- ^ Gartlehner G, Gaynes BN, Hansen RA, et al. (November 2008). "Comparative benefits and harms of second-generation antidepressants: background paper for the American College of Physicians". Ann. Intern. Med. 149 (10): 734–50. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-149-10-200811180-00008. PMID 19017592.
External links
- List of international brand names for paroxetine
- Detailed Paroxetine Consumer Information: Uses, Precautions, Side Effects from medlibrary.org
- The Secrets of Seroxat, BBC Panorama investigation
- Healthy Skepticism's repository and analysis of GSK documents related to Study 329
|
Antidepressants (N06A)
|
|
|
Specific reuptake inhibitors (RIs), enhancers (REs), and releasing agents (RAs)
|
|
|
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
|
- Alaproclate
- Citalopram
- Escitalopram
- Femoxetine
- Fluoxetine#
- Fluvoxamine
- Indalpine
- Ifoxetine
- Litoxetine
- Omiloxetine
- Panuramine
- Paroxetine
- Pirandamine
- Seproxetine
- Sertraline
- Zimelidine‡
|
|
|
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
|
- Clovoxamine
- Desvenlafaxine
- Duloxetine
- Levomilnacipran
- Eclanamine
- Milnacipran
- Sibutramine
- Venlafaxine
|
|
|
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors (SNDRIs)
|
- Adhyperforin
- Amitifadine
- Bicifadine
- Brasofensine
- BTS-74,398
- Cocaine
- Diclofensine
- DOV-102,677
- DOV-216,303
- EXP-561
- Fezolamine
- Hyperforin
- JNJ-7925476
- NS-2359
- PRC200-SS
- Pridefine
- SEP-225,289
- SEP-227,162
- Tesofensine
|
|
|
Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)
|
- Amedalin
- Atomoxetine/Tomoxetine
- Binedaline
- Ciclazindol
- Daledalin
- Edivoxetine
- Esreboxetine
- Lortalamine
- Maprotiline
- Mazindol
- Nisoxetine
- Reboxetine
- Talopram
- Talsupram
- Tandamine
- Viloxazine
|
|
|
Dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRIs)
|
|
|
|
Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)
|
- Amineptine
- Bupropion/Amfebutamone
- Cilobamine
- Manifaxine
- Methylphenidate
- Nomifensine
- Radafaxine
- Tametraline
|
|
|
Norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents (NDRAs)
|
- Amphetamine
- Befuraline
- Lisdexamfetamine
- Methamphetamine
- Phenethylamine
- Piberaline
- Tranylcypromine
|
|
|
Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agents (SNDRAs)
|
- 4-Methyl-αMT
- αET/Etryptamine
- αMT/Metryptamine
|
|
|
Selective serotonin reuptake enhancers (SSREs)
|
|
|
|
Others
|
- Indeloxazine
- Teniloxazine
- Tramadol
- Viqualine
|
|
|
|
|
Receptor antagonists and/or reuptake inhibitors
|
|
|
Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)
|
- Etoperidone
- Lubazodone
- Nefazodone
- Mepiprazole
- Trazodone
|
|
|
Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs)
|
- Aptazapine
- Esmirtazapine
- Mianserin
- Mirtazapine
- Setiptiline/Teciptiline
|
|
|
Norepinephrine-dopamine disinhibitors (NDDIs)
|
|
|
|
Serotonin modulators and stimulators (SMSs)
|
|
|
|
Others
|
|
|
|
|
|
Heterocyclic antidepressants (bi-, tri-, and tetracyclics)
|
|
|
Bicyclics
|
|
|
|
Tricyclics
|
- Amezepine
- Amineptine
- Amitriptyline#
- Amitriptylinoxide
- Azepindole
- Butriptyline
- Cianopramine
- Clomipramine
- Cotriptyline
- Cyanodothiepin
- Demexiptiline
- Depramine/Balipramine
- Desipramine
- Dibenzepin
- Dimetacrine
- Dosulepin/Dothiepin
- Doxepin
- Enprazepine
- Fluotracen
- Hepzidine
- Homopipramol
- Imipramine
- Imipraminoxide
- Intriptyline
- Iprindole
- Ketipramine
- Litracen
- Lofepramine
- Losindole
- Mariptiline
- Melitracen
- Metapramine
- Mezepine
- Naranol
- Nitroxazepine
- Nortriptyline
- Noxiptiline
- Octriptyline
- Opipramol
- Pipofezine
- Propizepine
- Protriptyline
- Quinupramine
- Tampramine
- Tianeptine
- Tienopramine
- Trimipramine
|
|
|
Tetracyclics
|
- Amoxapine
- Aptazapine
- Azipramine
- Ciclazindol
- Ciclopramine
- Esmirtazapine
- Maprotiline
- Mazindol
- Mianserin
- Mirtazapine
- Oxaprotiline
- Setiptiline/Teciptiline
|
|
|
|
|
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
|
|
|
Nonselective
|
- Irreversible: Benmoxin
- Carbenzide
- Cimemoxin
- Domoxin
- Echinopsidine
- Iproclozide
- Iproniazid
- Isocarboxazid
- Mebanazine
- Metfendrazine
- Nialamide
- Octamoxin
- Phenelzine
- Pheniprazine
- Phenoxypropazine
- Pivalylbenzhydrazine
- Safrazine
- Tranylcypromine
- Reversible: Caroxazone
- Paraxazone
- Quercetin
|
|
|
MAOA-Selective
|
- Reversible: Amiflamine
- Bazinaprine
- Befloxatone
- Berberine
- Brofaromine
- Cimoxatone
- Esuprone
- Eprobemide
- Harmala Alkaloids (Harmine
- Harmaline
- Tetrahydroharmine
- Harman
- Norharman, etc)
- Methylene Blue
- Metralindole
- Minaprine
- Moclobemide
- Pirlindole
- Sercloremine
- Tetrindole
- Toloxatone
- Tyrima
|
|
|
MAOB-Selective
|
- Irreversible: Ladostigil
- Mofegiline
- Pargyline
- Rasagiline
- Selegiline
- Reversible: Lazabemide
- Milacemide
|
|
|
|
|
Azapirones and other 5-HT1A receptor agonists
|
|
- Alnespirone
- Aripiprazole
- Befiradol
- Buspirone
- Eptapirone
- Flesinoxan
- Flibanserin
- Gepirone
- Ipsapirone
- Oxaflozane
- Tandospirone
- Vilazodone
- Zalospirone
|
|
|
- #WHO-EM
- ‡Withdrawn from market
- Clinical trials:
- †Phase III
- §Never to phase III
|
|
|
|
|
dsrd (o, p, m, p, a, d, s), sysi/epon, spvo
|
proc (eval/thrp), drug (N5A/5B/5C/6A/6B/6D)
|
|
|
|
|
Serotonergics
|
|
|
5-HT1 receptor ligands
|
|
|
5-HT1A
|
- Agonists: Azapirones: Alnespirone
- Binospirone
- Buspirone
- Enilospirone
- Eptapirone
- Gepirone
- Ipsapirone
- Perospirone
- Revospirone
- Tandospirone
- Tiospirone
- Umespirone
- Zalospirone; Antidepressants: Etoperidone
- Nefazodone
- Trazodone
- Vortioxetine; Antipsychotics: Aripiprazole
- Asenapine
- Clozapine
- Quetiapine
- Ziprasidone; Ergolines: Dihydroergotamine
- Bromocriptine
- Ergotamine
- Lisuride
- Methysergide
- LSD; Tryptamines: 5-CT
- 5-MeO-DMT
- 5-MT
- Bufotenin
- DMT
- Indorenate
- Psilocin
- Psilocybin; Others: 8-OH-DPAT
- Adatanserin
- Bay R 1531
- Befiradol
- BMY-14802
- Cannabidiol
- Dimemebfe
- Ebalzotan
- Eltoprazine
- F-11,461
- F-12,826
- F-13,714
- F-14,679
- F-15,063
- F-15,599
- Flesinoxan
- Flibanserin
- Lesopitron
- LY-293,284
- LY-301,317
- MKC-242
- Naluzotan
- NBUMP
- Osemozotan
- Oxaflozane
- Pardoprunox
- Piclozotan
- Rauwolscine
- Repinotan
- Roxindole
- RU-24,969
- S 14,506
- S-14,671
- S-15,535
- Sarizotan
- SSR-181,507
- Sunepitron
- U-92,016-A
- Urapidil
- Vilazodone
- Xaliproden
- Yohimbine
Antagonists: Antipsychotics: Iloperidone
- Risperidone
- Sertindole; Beta blockers: Alprenolol
- Cyanopindolol
- Iodocyanopindolol
- Oxprenolol
- Pindobind
- Pindolol
- Propranolol
- Tertatolol; Others: AV965
- BMY-7,378
- CSP-2503
- Dotarizine
- Flopropione
- GR-46611
- Isamoltane
- Lecozotan
- Mefway
- Metitepine/Methiothepin
- MPPF
- NAN-190
- Robalzotan
- S-15535
- SB-649,915
- SDZ 216-525
- Spiperone
- Spiramide
- Spiroxatrine
- UH-301
- WAY-100,135
- WAY-100,635
- Xylamidine
|
|
|
5-HT1B
|
- Agonists: Lysergamides: Dihydroergotamine
- Ergotamine
- Methysergide; Piperazines: Eltoprazine
- TFMPP; Triptans: Avitriptan
- Eletriptan
- Sumatriptan
- Zolmitriptan; Tryptamines: 5-CT
- 5-MT; Others: CGS-12066A
- Bromocriptine
- CP-93,129
- CP-94,253
- CP-135,807
- RU-24,969
- Vortioxetine
Antagonists: Lysergamides: Metergoline; Others: AR-A000002
- Elzasonan
- GR-127,935
- Isamoltane
- Metitepine/Methiothepin
- SB-216,641
- SB-224,289
- SB-236,057
- Yohimbine
|
|
|
5-HT1D
|
- Agonists: Lysergamides: Dihydroergotamine
- Methysergide; Triptans: Almotriptan
- Avitriptan
- Eletriptan
- Frovatriptan
- Naratriptan
- Rizatriptan
- Sumatriptan
- Zolmitriptan; Tryptamines: 5-CT
- 5-Ethyl-DMT
- 5-MT
- 5-(Nonyloxy)tryptamine; Others: CP-135,807
- Bromocriptine
- CP-286,601
- GR-46611
- L-694,247
- L-772,405
- PNU-109,291
- PNU-142633
Antagonists: Lysergamides: Metergoline; Others: Alniditan
- BRL-15,572
- Elzasonan
- GR-127,935
- Ketanserin
- LY-310,762
- LY-367,642
- LY-456,219
- LY-456,220
- Metitepine/Methiothepin
- Ritanserin
- Yohimbine
- Ziprasidone
|
|
|
5-HT1E
|
- Agonists: Lysergamides: Methysergide; Triptans: Eletriptan; Tryptamines: BRL-54443
- Tryptamine
Antagonists: Metitepine/Methiothepin
|
|
|
5-HT1F
|
- Agonists: Triptans: Eletriptan
- Naratriptan
- Sumatriptan; Tryptamines: 5-MT; Others: BRL-54443
- Bromocriptine
- Lasmiditan
- LY-334,370
Antagonists: Metitepine/Methiothepin
|
|
|
|
|
5-HT2 receptor ligands
|
|
|
5-HT2A
|
|
|
|
5-HT2B
|
- Agonists: Oxazolines: 4-Methylaminorex
- Aminorex; Phenethylamines: Chlorphentermine
- Cloforex
- DOB
- DOC
- DOI
- DOM
- Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine, Levofenfluramine)
- MDA
- MDMA
- Norfenfluramine; Tryptamines: 5-CT
- 5-MT
- α-Methyl-5-HT; Others: BW-723C86
- Bromocriptine
- Cabergoline
- mCPP
- Pergolide
- PNU-22394
- Ro60-0175
Antagonists: Agomelatine
- Asenapine
- EGIS-7625
- Ketanserin
- Lisuride
- LY-272,015
- Metitepine/Methiothepin
- PRX-08066
- Rauwolscine
- Ritanserin
- RS-127,445
- Sarpogrelate
- SB-200,646
- SB-204,741
- SB-206,553
- SB-215,505
- SB-221,284
- SB-228,357
- SDZ SER-082
- Tegaserod
- Yohimbine
|
|
|
5-HT2C
|
- Agonists: Phenethylamines: 2C-B
- 2C-E
- 2C-I
- 2C-T-2
- 2C-T-7
- 2C-T-21
- DOB
- DOC
- DOI
- DOM
- MDA
- MDMA
- Mescaline; Piperazines: Aripiprazole
- mCPP
- TFMPP; Tryptamines: 5-CT
- 5-MeO-α-ET
- 5-MeO-α-MT
- 5-MeO-DET
- 5-MeO-DiPT
- 5-MeO-DMT
- 5-MeO-DPT
- 5-MT
- α-ET
- α-Methyl-5-HT
- α-MT
- Bufotenin
- DET
- DiPT
- DMT
- DPT
- Psilocin
- Psilocybin; Others: A-372,159
- Bromocriptine
- AL-38022A
- CP-809,101
- Dimemebfe
- Lorcaserin
- Medifoxamine
- MK-212
- Org 12,962
- ORG-37,684
- Oxaflozane
- PHA-57378
- PNU-22394
- PNU-181731
- Ro60-0175
- Ro60-0213
- Vabicaserin
- WAY-629
- WAY-161,503
- YM-348
Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics: Clorotepine
- Clozapine
- Iloperidone
- Melperone
- Olanzapine
- Paliperidone
- Pimozide
- Quetiapine
- Risperidone
- Sertindole
- Ziprasidone
- Zotepine; Typical antipsychotics: Chlorpromazine
- Loxapine
- Pipamperone; Antidepressants: Agomelatine
- Amitriptyline
- Amoxapine
- Aptazapine
- Etoperidone
- Fluoxetine
- Mianserin
- Mirtazapine
- Nefazodone
- Nortriptyline
- Tedatioxetine
- Trazodone; Others: Adatanserin
- CEPC
- Cinanserin
- Cyproheptadine
- Deramciclane
- Dotarizine
- Eltoprazine
- Esmirtazapine
- FR-260,010
- Ketanserin
- Ketotifen
- Latrepirdine
- Metitepine/Methiothepin
- Methysergide
- Pizotifen
- Ritanserin
- RS-102,221
- S-14,671
- SB-200,646
- SB-206,553
- SB-221,284
- SB-228,357
- SB-242,084
- SB-243,213
- SDZ SER-082
- Xylamidine
|
|
|
|
- 5-HT3
- 5-HT4
- 5-HT5
- 5-HT6
- 5-HT7 ligands
|
|
|
5-HT3
|
- Agonists: Piperazines: BZP
- Quipazine; Tryptamines: 2-Methyl-5-HT
- 5-CT; Others: Chlorophenylbiguanide
- Butanol
- Ethanol
- Halothane
- Isoflurane
- RS-56812
- SR-57,227
- SR-57,227-A
- Toluene
- Trichloroethane
- Trichloroethanol
- Trichloroethylene
- YM-31636
Antagonists: Antiemetics: AS-8112
- Alosetron
- Azasetron
- Batanopride
- Bemesetron
- Cilansetron
- Dazopride
- Dolasetron
- Galanolactone
- Granisetron
- Lerisetron
- Ondansetron
- Palonosetron
- Ramosetron
- Renzapride
- Tropisetron
- Zacopride
- Zatosetron; Atypical antipsychotics: Clozapine
- Olanzapine
- Quetiapine; Tetracyclic antidepressants: Amoxapine
- Mianserin
- Mirtazapine; Others: CSP-2503
- ICS-205,930
- MDL-72,222
- Memantine
- Nitrous Oxide
- Ricasetron
- Sevoflurane
- Tedatioxetine
- Thujone
- Tropanserin
- Vortioxetine
- Xenon
|
|
|
5-HT4
|
- Agonists: Gastroprokinetic Agents: Cinitapride
- Cisapride
- Dazopride
- Metoclopramide
- Mosapride
- Prucalopride
- Renzapride
- Tegaserod
- Velusetrag
- Zacopride; Others: 5-MT
- BIMU8
- CJ-033,466
- PRX-03140
- RS-67333
- RS-67506
- SL65.0155
- Antagonists: GR-113,808
- GR-125,487
- L-Lysine
- Piboserod
- RS-39604
- RS-67532
- SB-203,186
- SB-204,070
|
|
|
5-HT5A
|
- Agonists: Lysergamides: Ergotamine
- LSD; Tryptamines: 5-CT; Others: Valerenic Acid
Antagonists: Asenapine
- Latrepirdine
- Metitepine/Methiothepin
- Ritanserin
- SB-699,551
* Note that the 5-HT5B receptor is not functional in humans.
|
|
|
5-HT6
|
- Agonists: Lysergamides: Dihydroergotamine
- Ergotamine
- Lisuride
- LSD
- Mesulergine
- Metergoline
- Methysergide; Tryptamines: 2-Methyl-5-HT
- 5-BT
- 5-CT
- 5-MT
- Bufotenin
- E-6801
- E-6837
- EMD-386,088
- EMDT
- LY-586,713
- N-Methyl-5-HT
- Tryptamine; Others: WAY-181,187
- WAY-208,466
Antagonists: Antidepressants: Amitriptyline
- Amoxapine
- Clomipramine
- Doxepin
- Mianserin
- Nortriptyline; Atypical antipsychotics: Aripiprazole
- Asenapine
- Clorotepine
- Clozapine
- Fluperlapine
- Iloperidone
- Olanzapine
- Tiospirone; Typical antipsychotics: Chlorpromazine
- Loxapine; Others: BGC20-760
- BVT-5182
- BVT-74316
- Cerlapirdine
- EGIS-12,233
- GW-742,457
- Ketanserin
- Latrepirdine
- Lu AE58054
- Metitepine/Methiothepin
- MS-245
- PRX-07034
- Ritanserin
- Ro04-6790
- Ro 63-0563
- SB-258,585
- SB-271,046
- SB-357,134
- SB-399,885
- SB-742,457
|
|
|
5-HT7
|
- Agonists: Lysergamides: LSD; Tryptamines: 5-CT
- 5-MT
- Bufotenin; Others: 8-OH-DPAT
- AS-19
- Bifeprunox
- E-55888
- LP-12
- LP-44
- RU-24,969
- Sarizotan
Antagonists: Lysergamides: 2-Bromo-LSD
- Bromocriptine
- Dihydroergotamine
- Ergotamine
- Mesulergine
- Metergoline
- Methysergide; Antidepressants: Amitriptyline
- Amoxapine
- Clomipramine
- Imipramine
- Maprotiline
- Mianserin; Atypical antipsychotics: Amisulpride
- Aripiprazole
- Asenapine
- Clorotepine
- Clozapine
- Olanzapine
- Risperidone
- Sertindole
- Tiospirone
- Ziprasidone
- Zotepine; Typical antipsychotics: Chlorpromazine
- Loxapine; Others: Butaclamol
- EGIS-12,233
- Ketanserin
- LY-215,840
- Metitepine/Methiothepin
- Pimozide
- Ritanserin
- SB-258,719
- SB-258,741
- SB-269,970
- SB-656,104
- SB-656,104-A
- SB-691,673
- SLV-313
- SLV-314
- Spiperone
- SSR-181,507
- Vortioxetine
|
|
|
|
|
Reuptake inhibitors
|
|
|
SERT
|
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): Alaproclate
- Citalopram
- Dapoxetine
- Desmethylcitalopram
- Desmethylsertraline
- Escitalopram
- Femoxetine
- Fluoxetine
- Fluvoxamine
- Indalpine
- Ifoxetine
- Litoxetine
- Lubazodone
- Omiloxetine
- Panuramine
- Paroxetine
- Pirandamine
- RTI-353
- Seproxetine
- Sertraline
- Vilazodone
- Vortioxetine
- Zimelidine; Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs): Bicifadine
- Desvenlafaxine
- Duloxetine
- Eclanamine
- Levomilnacipran
- Milnacipran
- Sibutramine
- Venlafaxine; Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (SNDRIs): Brasofensine
- Diclofensine
- DOV-102,677
- DOV-21,947
- DOV-216,303
- NS-2359
- SEP-225289
- SEP-227,162
- Tedatioxetine
- Tesofensine; Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): Amitriptyline
- Butriptyline
- Cianopramine
- Clomipramine
- Desipramine
- Dosulepin
- Doxepin
- Imipramine
- Lofepramine
- Nortriptyline
- Pipofezine
- Protriptyline
- Trimipramine; Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs): Amoxapine; Piperazines: Nefazodone
- Trazodone; Antihistamines: Brompheniramine
- Chlorphenamine
- Diphenhydramine
- Mepyramine/Pyrilamine
- Pheniramine
- Tripelennamine; Opioids: Pethidine
- Methadone
- Propoxyphene; Others: Cocaine
- CP-39,332
- Cyclobenzaprine
- Dextromethorphan
- Dextrorphan
- EXP-561
- Fezolamine
- Mesembrine
- Nefopam
- PIM-35
- Pridefine
- Roxindole
- SB-649,915
- Tofenacin
- Ziprasidone
|
|
|
VMAT
|
- Ibogaine
- Reserpine
- Tetrabenazine
|
|
|
|
|
Releasing agents
|
|
- Aminoindanes: 5-IAI
- AMMI
- ETAI
- MDAI
- MDMAI
- MMAI
- TAI; Aminotetralins: 6-CAT
- 8-OH-DPAT
- MDAT
- MDMAT; Oxazolines: 4-Methylaminorex
- Aminorex
- Clominorex
- Fluminorex; Phenethylamines (also Amphetamines, Cathinones, Phentermines, etc): 2-Methyl-MDA
- 4-CAB
- 4-FA
- 4-FMA
- 4-HA
- 4-MTA
- 5-APDB
- 5-Methyl-MDA
- 6-APDB
- 6-Methyl-MDA
- AEMMA
- Amiflamine
- BDB
- BOH
- Brephedrone
- Butylone
- Chlorphentermine
- Cloforex
- Amfepramone
- Metamfepramone
- DCA
- DFMDA
- DMA
- DMMA
- EBDB
- EDMA
- Ethylone
- Etolorex
- Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine, Levofenfluramine)
- Flephedrone
- IAP
- IMP
- Iofetamine
- Lophophine
- MBDB
- MDA
- MDEA
- MDHMA
- MDMA
- MDMPEA
- MDOH
- MDPEA
- Mephedrone
- Methedrone
- Methylone
- MMA
- MMDA
- MMDMA
- MMMA
- NAP
- Norfenfluramine
- 4-TFMA
- pBA
- pCA
- pIA
- PMA
- PMEA
- PMMA
- TAP; Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP
- 3-MeOPP
- BZP
- DCPP
- MBZP
- mCPP
- MDBZP
- MeOPP
- Mepiprazole
- pCPP
- pFPP
- pTFMPP
- TFMPP; Tryptamines: 4-Methyl-αET
- 4-Methyl-αMT
- 5-CT
- 5-MeO-αET
- 5-MeO-αMT
- 5-MT
- αET
- αMT
- DMT
- Tryptamine (itself); Others: Indeloxazine
- Tramadol
- Viqualine
|
|
|
|
Enzyme inhibitors
|
|
|
Anabolism
|
|
TPH
|
|
|
|
AAAD
|
- Benserazide
- Carbidopa
- Genistein
- Methyldopa
|
|
|
|
Catabolism
|
|
MAO
|
- Nonselective: Benmoxin
- Caroxazone
- Echinopsidine
- Furazolidone
- Hydralazine
- Indantadol
- Iproclozide
- Iproniazid
- Isocarboxazid
- Isoniazid
- Linezolid
- Mebanazine
- Metfendrazine
- Nialamide
- Octamoxin
- Paraxazone
- Phenelzine
- Pheniprazine
- Phenoxypropazine
- Pivalylbenzhydrazine
- Procarbazine
- Safrazine
- Tranylcypromine; MAO-A Selective: Amiflamine
- Bazinaprine
- Befloxatone
- Befol
- Brofaromine
- Cimoxatone
- Clorgiline
- Esuprone
- Harmala alkaloids (Harmine
- Harmaline
- Tetrahydroharmine
- Harman
- Norharman, etc)
- Methylene Blue
- Metralindole
- Minaprine
- Moclobemide
- Pirlindole
- Sercloremine
- Tetrindole
- Toloxatone
- Tyrima
|
|
|
|
|
|
Others
|
|
|
Precursors
|
|
|
|
Cofactors
|
- Ferrous iron (Fe2+)
- Magnesium (Mg2+)
- Tetrahydrobiopterin
- Vitamin B3 (Niacin
- Nicotinamide → NADPH)
- Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine
- Pyridoxamine
- Pyridoxal → Pyridoxal phosphate)
- Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid → Tetrahydrofolic acid)
- Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
- Zinc (Zn2+)
|
|
|
Others
|
- Activity enhancers: BPAP
- PPAP; Reuptake enhancers: Tianeptine
|
|
|
|
|
GlaxoSmithKline
|
|
| Subsidiaries |
- GlaxoSmithKline Pakistan
- GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Stiefel Laboratories
- ViiV Healthcare (85%)
|
|
Predecessors and fully
integrated acquisitions |
- Allen & Hanburys
- Beecham Group
- Block Drug
- Burroughs Wellcome
- Glaxo
- Glaxo Wellcome
- Human Genome Sciences
- Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques
- SmithKline Beecham
- Smith, Kline & French
|
|
Products
(List) |
|
Current
|
|
Pharmaceuticals
|
- Advair
- Albenza
- Alli
- Amerge
- Amoxil
- Arixtra
- Arranon/Atriance
- Augmentin
- Avamys/Veramyst
- Avandia
- Avodart
- AZT1
- Beconase
- Boniva
- Ceftin
- Combivir1
- Coreg
- Dexedrine
- Dyazide
- Epivir/Epivir-HBV/Heptovir/Zeffix1
- Flixonase
- Imitrex/Treximet
- Jayln
- Lamictal
- Lanoxin
- Levitra2
- Lovaza
- Parnate
- Paxil/Seroxat/Aropax
- Promacta
- Relenza
- Requip
- Rescriptor1
- Serlipet
- Tagamet
- Treximet
- Trizivir1
- Tykerb/Tyverb
- Valtrex/Zelitrex
- Ventolin HFA
- Viracept1
- Wellbutrin
- Zantac
- Ziagen1
- Zofran
- Zovirax
|
|
|
Vaccines
|
- Hepatyrix
- Pandemrix
- Twinrix
|
|
|
Other
|
- Aquafresh
- Boost
- Eno
- Horlicks
- Lucozade
- Maxinutrition
- Nicoderm
- Nicorette
- NiQuitin
- Panadol
- Panadol night
- Ralgex
- Ribena
- Sensodyne
- Solpadeine
- Synthol
- Tums
|
|
|
|
Former
|
- BC Powder
- Geritol
- Goody's Powder
|
|
|
| People |
|
Current directors
|
- Chris Gent
- Andrew Witty
- Roy Anderson
- Stephanie Burns
- Stacey Cartwright
- Lawrence Culp
- Crispin Davis
- Simon Dingemans
- Judy Lewent
- Deryck Maughan
- James Murdoch
- Daniel Podolsky
- Moncef Slaoui
- Tom de Swaan
- Robert Wilson
|
|
|
Other
|
- Thomas Beecham
- Silas M. Burroughs
- Mahlon Kline
- John K. Smith
- Henry Wellcome
|
|
|
| Other |
- Canada v. GlaxoSmithKline Inc.
- GlaxoSmithKline Prize
- Side Effects
- United States v. GlaxoSmithKline
|
|
- 1Products of ViiV Healthcare 2Co-marketed with Bayer Pharmaceuticals
|
|