出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/25 17:30:23」(JST)
免疫グロブリンG（めんえきグロブリンG、Immunoglobulin G、IgG）は単量体型の免疫グロブリンで、2つの重鎖γと2つの軽鎖からなっている。それぞれの複合体は2つずつの抗原結合部位を持っている。免疫グロブリンの中では最も数の多いものである。ヒトの血清の免疫グロブリンの75%を占め[1]、体中の血液、組織液に存在する。
鳥類のIgGはしばしばIgYと呼ばれ、血清と卵黄の中に見られる[2]。
IgGはヒトの胎盤を通過できる唯一のアイソタイプであり、自分の免疫系を確立する生後1週間までの間、胎児を守っている。
IgGはウイルス、細菌、真菌など様々な種類の病原体と結合し、補体、オプソニンによる食作用、毒素の中和などによって生体を守っている。
IgGは食物アレルギーの原因にもなり、IgEの引き起こす即効性の食物アレルギーと比べると遅発性である。
ヒトの場合
| 種類 | 割合 | 胎盤の通過 | 補体の活性化 | 食細胞のFc部位への結合 |
| IgG1 | 66% | する | 2番目に高い | 高い |
| IgG2 | 23% | しない | 3番目に高い | 極めて低い |
| IgG3 | 7% | する | 最も高い | 高い |
| IgG4 | 4% | する | しない | 中程度 |
動物種によってサブクラスの数は異なる。
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is an antibody isotype. It is a protein complex composed of four peptide chains—two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains arranged in a Y-shape typical of antibody monomers. Each IgG has two antigen binding sites. Representing approximately 75% of serum immunoglobulins in humans, IgG is the most abundant antibody isotype found in the circulation.[1] IgG molecules are synthesized and secreted by plasma B cells.
Antibodies are major components of the immune system. IgG is the main antibody isotype found in blood and extracellular fluid allowing it to control infection of body tissues. By binding many kinds of pathogens—representing viruses, bacteria, and fungi—IgG protects the body from infection. It does this via several immune mechanisms: IgG-mediated binding of pathogens causes their immobilization and binding together via agglutination; IgG coating of pathogen surfaces (known as opsonization) allows their recognition and ingestion by phagocytic immune cells; IgG activates the classical pathway of the complement system, a cascade of immune protein production that results in pathogen elimination; IgG also binds and neutralizes toxins. IgG also plays an important role in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and intracellular antibody-mediated proteolysis, in which it binds to TRIM21 (the receptor with greatest affinity to IgG in humans) in order to direct marked virions to the proteasome in the cytosol.[2] IgG is also associated with Type II and Type III Hypersensitivity.
IgG antibodies are generated following class switching and maturation of the antibody response and thus participate predominantly in the secondary immune response.[3] IgG is secreted as a monomer that is small in size allowing it to easily perfuse tissues. It is the only isotype that has receptors to facilitate passage through the human placenta, thereby providing protection to the fetus in utero. Along with IgA secreted in the breast milk, residual IgG absorbed through the placenta provides the neonate with humoral immunity before its own immune system develops. Colostrum contains a high percentage of IgG, especially bovine colostrum. In individuals with prior immunity to a pathogen, IgG appears about 24–48 hours after antigenic stimulation.
IgG antibodies are large molecules of about 150 kDa composed of four peptide chains. It contains two identical class γ heavy chains of about 50 kDa and two identical light chains of about 25 kDa, thus a tetrameric quaternary structure. The two heavy chains are linked to each other and to a light chain each by disulfide bonds. The resulting tetramer has two identical halves, which together form the Y-like shape. Each end of the fork contains an identical antigen binding site. The Fc regions of IgGs bear a highly conserved N-glycosylation site. The N-glycans attached to this site are predominantly core-fucosylated diantennary structures of the complex type. In addition, small amounts of these N-glycans also bear bisecting GlcNAc and α-2,6-linked sialic acid residues.[4]
There are four IgG subclasses (IgG1, 2, 3, and 4) in humans, named in order of their abundance in serum (IgG1 being the most abundant).
| Name | Percent | Crosses placenta easily | Complement activator | Binds to Fc receptor on phagocytic cells |
| IgG1 | 66% | yes (1.47)† | second-highest | high affinity |
| IgG2 | 23% | no (0.8)† | third-highest | extremely low affinity |
| IgG3 | 7% | yes (1.17)† | highest | high affinity |
| IgG4 | 4% | yes (1.15)† | no | intermediate affinity |
| †: Quota cord/maternity concentrations blood. Based on data from a Japanese study on 228 mothers.[5] | ||||
Note: IgG affinity to Fc receptors on phagocytic cells is specific to individual species from which the antibody comes as well as the class. The structure of the hinge regions (region 6 in the diagram) contributes to the unique biological properties of each of the four IgG classes. Even though there is about 95% similarity between their Fc regions, the structure of the hinge regions is relatively different.
Given the opposing properties of the IgG subclasses (fixing and failing to fix complement; binding and failing to bind FcR), and the fact that the immune response to most antigens includes a mix of all four subclasses, it has been difficult to understand how IgG subclasses can work together to provide protective immunity. Recently the Temporal Model of human IgE and IgG function was proposed.[6] This model suggests that IgG3 (and IgE) appear early in a response. The IgG3, though of relatively low affinity, allows IgG-mediated defences to join IgM-mediated defences in clearing foreign antigens. Subsequently, higher affinity IgG1 and IgG2 are produced. The relative balance of these subclasses, in any immune complexes that form, helps determine the strength of the inflammatory processes that follow. Finally, if antigen persists, high affinity IgG4 is produced, which dampens down inflammation by helping to curtail FcR-mediated processes.
The relative ability of different IgG subclasses to fix complement may explain why some anti-donor antibody responses do harm a graft after organ transplantation.[7]
In a mouse model of autoantibody mediated anemia using IgG isotype switch variants of an anti erythrocytes autoantibody, it was found that mouse IgG2a was superior to IgG1 in activating complement. Moreover, it was found that the IgG2a isotype was able to interact very efficiently with FcgammaR. As a result, 20 times higher doses of IgG1, in relationship to IgG2a autoantibodies, were required to induce autoantibody mediated pathology.[8] It is important to remember that mouse IgG1 and human IgG1 are not necessarily similar in function, and the inference of human antibody function from mouse studies must be done with great care. Nevertheless it remains true that both human and mouse antibodies have different abilities to fix complement and to bind to Fc receptors.
The measurement of immunoglobulin G can be a diagnostic tool for certain conditions[which?] if indicated by certain symptoms.[9] Clinically, measured IgG antibody levels are generally considered to be indicative of an individual's immune status to particular pathogens. A common example of this practice are titers drawn to demonstrate serologic immunity to measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), hepatitis B virus, and varicella (chickenpox), among others.[10]
Testing of IgG is not indicated for diagnosis of allergy.[11][12]
IgG antibodies are extracted from donated blood plasma and used as a therapeutic known as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). This is used to treat immune deficiencies, autoimmune disorders and infections.
|date= (help)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
| リンク元 | 「食細胞」「免疫グロブリンG2」 |
| 関連記事 | 「IgG」「Ig」 |
貪食細胞 : 約 24,500 件 食細胞 : 約 74,100 件 ファゴサイト : 約 1,660 件 貪食細胞 phagocyte : 約 2,200 件 食細胞 phagocyte : 約 13,000 件 ファゴサイト phagocyte : 34 件
| リガンド種 | 受容体 | CD | リガンド | 発現 |
| 抗体 | FcγRI | CD64 | IgG3, IgG1, IgG4 | マクロファージ |
| FcγRII | CD32 | IgG3, IgG1, IgG2 | 多核白血球 | |
| FcγRIII | CD16 | IgG1, IgG3 | ||
| 補体 | CR1 | CD35 | C3b | |
| CR3 | CD11b/CD18 | iC3b | ||
| CR4 | CD11c/CD18 | iC3b |
-IgG2