- 関
- ouabain
WordNet
- a bitter and very toxic glycoside derived from plants of the genus Strophanthus; in moderate doses it is a cardiac stimulant but in larger doses it is a powerful poison; used in Africa as an arrow poison
- a unit of force equal to the force exerted by gravity; used to indicate the force to which a body is subjected when it is accelerated (同)gee, g-force
- the 7th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)g
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/12/10 08:25:44」(JST)
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| Trade names | Strodival |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.010.128 |
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| Formula | C29H44O12 |
| Molar mass | 584.652 g/mol |
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k-Strophanthin
Ouabain /wɑːˈbɑːɪn/[1] or /ˈwɑːbeɪn, ˈwæ-/ (from Somali waabaayo, "arrow poison" through French ouabaïo) also known as g-strophanthin, is a plant derived toxic substance that was traditionally used as an arrow poison in eastern Africa for both hunting and warfare. Ouabain is a cardiac glycoside and in lower doses, can be used medically to treat hypotension and some arrhythmias. It acts by inhibiting the Na/K-ATPase, also known as the sodium-potassium ion pump.[2]
It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.[3]
Contents
- 1 History
- 1.1 Sources
- 1.2 Africa
- 1.3 Europe
- 2 Mechanism of action
- 2.1 Symptoms
- 2.2 Toxicology
- 3 Biological effects
- 3.1 Endogenous ouabain
- 3.2 Medical uses
- 4 Animal use of ouabain
- 5 Synthesis
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 External links
History
Sources
Ouabain can be found in the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of the Acokanthera schimperi and Strophanthus gratus plants, both of which are native to eastern Africa.[4]
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Acokanthera schimperi plant.
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Strophanthus gratus plant.
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Africa
Poisons derived from Acokanthera plants are known to have been used in Africa as far back as the 3rd century BC when Threophrast reported a toxic substance that the Ethiopians would smear on their arrows.[4] The poisons derived from this genus of plants were used throughout eastern Africa, typically as arrow poisons for hunting and warfare. Acokanthera schimperi, in particular, exhibits a very large amount of ouabain, which the Kenyans, Tanzanians, Rwandans, Ethiopians, and Somali would use as an arrow poison.[4]
The poison was extracted from the branches and leaves of the plant by boiling them over a fire. Arrows would then be dipped into the concentrated black tar-like juice that formed.[4] Often, certain magical additives were also mixed in with the ouabain extract in order to make the poison work according to the hunter's wishes. In Kenya, the Giriama and Langulu poison makers would add an elephant shrew to the poison in order to simplify the pursuit of their prey.[4] They had observed that an elephant shrew would always run straight ahead or follow a direct path and thought that these properties would be transferred to the poison. A poisonous arrow made with this shrew was thought to cause the hunted animal to behave like the shrew and run in a straight path. In Rwanda, the poison makers would harvest the plants according to how many dead insects they found. If the plant was potent, many dead insects would be found around it.
Although ouabain was used as an arrow poison primarily for hunting, it was also used during battle. One example of this occurred during a battle against the Portuguese, who had stormed Mombasa in 1505. Portuguese records indicated that they had suffered a great deal from the poisoned arrows.[4]
Europe
European imperial expansion and exploration into Africa overlapped with the rise of the European pharmaceutical industry towards the end of the nineteenth century.[5] British troops were the target of arrows poisoned with the extracts of various Strophanthus species.[5] They were familiar with the deadly properties of these plants and brought samples back to Europe. Around this time, interest in the plant grew. It was known that ouabain was a cardiac poison, but there was some speculation about its potential medical uses.[4][5]
In 1882, ouabain was first isolated from the plant by the French chemist Léon-Albert Arnaud as an amorphous substance, which he identified as a glycoside.[4] There was some thought that it could be used to treat cardiac conditions.
Mechanism of action
Ouabain is a cardiac glycoside that acts by inhibiting the Na+/K+-ATPase sodium-potassium ion pump.[2] Once ouabain binds to this enzyme, the enzyme ceases to function, leading to an increase of intracellular sodium. This increase in intracellular sodium reduces the activity of the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX), which pumps one calcium ion out of the cell and three sodium ions into the cell down their concentration gradient. Therefore, the decrease in the concentration gradient of sodium into the cell which occurs when the Na/K-ATPase is inhibited reduces the ability of the NCX to function. This in turn elevates intracellular calcium.[6] This results in higher cardiac contractility and an increase in cardiac vagal tone. The change in ionic gradients caused by ouabain can also affect the membrane voltage of the cell and result in cardiac arrhythmias.
Symptoms
An overdose of ouabain can be detected by the presence of the following symptoms: rapid twitching of the neck and chest musculature, respiratory distress, increased and irregular heartbeat, rise in blood pressure, convulsions, wheezing, clicking, and gasping rattling. Death is caused by cardiac arrest.[4]
Toxicology
Ouabain is a highly toxic compound with a LD50 of 5 mg/kg when administered orally to rodents.[7] However, ouabain has a low bioavailability[2] and is absorbed poorly from the alimentary tract so much of the oral dose gets destroyed. Intravenous administration results in greater available concentrations and has been shown to decrease the LD50 to 2.2 mg/kg, also in rodents.[7] After intravenous administration, the onset of action occurs within 3–10 minutes in humans with the maximum effect enduring for 1.5 hours.
Ouabain is eliminated by renal excretion, largely unchanged.[2]
Biological effects
Endogenous ouabain
In 1991, a specific high affinity sodium pump inhibitor indistinguishable from ouabain was first discovered in the human circulation [8] and proposed as one of the potential mediators of long term blood pressure and the enhanced salt excretion following salt and volume loading.[9] This agent was an inhibitor of the sodium pump that acted similarly to digitalis. A number of analytical techniques led to the conclusion that this circulating molecule was ouabain and that humans were producing it as an endogenous hormone.[9] A large portion of the scientific community agreed that this inhibitor was endogenous ouabain and that there was strong evidence to indicate that it was synthesized in the adrenal gland.[9] One early speculative interpretation of the analytical data led to the proposal that endogenous ouabain may have been the 11 epimer, i.e., an isomer of plant ouabain.[10] However, this possibility was excluded by various methods including the synthesis of the 11 epimer and the demonstration that it has different chromatographic behavior from ouabain. Critically, the primary observations concerning the identification of ouabain in mammals were repeated and confirmed using a variety of tissue sources on three different continents with advanced analytical methods as summarized elsewhere [11]
Despite widespread analytical confirmation, some questioned whether or not this endogenous substance is ouabain. The arguments were based less upon rigorous analytical data but more on the fact that immunoassays are neither entirely specific nor reliable. Hence, it was suggested that some assays for endogenous ouabain detected other compounds or failed to detect ouabain at all.[12] Additionally, it was suggested [12] that rhamnose, the L-sugar component of ouabain, could not be synthesized within the body despite published data to the contrary.[13] Yet another argument against the existence of endogenous ouabain was the lack of effect of rostafuroxin (a first generation ouabain receptor antagonist) on blood pressure in an unselected population of hypertensive patients.[14] However, in a follow on analysis, where hypertensive patients were selected on the basis of their genotype, rostafuroxin lowered blood pressure significantly in the target group with a quantitative effect comparable to that of an angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist.[15] Further, there is mounting evidence from clinical studies that elevated circulating levels of endogenous ouabain, as measured by immunoassay, are associated with adverse outcomes in a variety of chronic cardiovascular and renal diseases.[16][17][18][19][20][21] It may be noted also that work from experimental animal studies indicates that many of the adverse actions of EO likely involve angiotensinergic pathways in the central nervous system.[22][23] Accumulating evidence suggests also that EO is not simply a bystander entity (biomarker) but rather that elevated circulating levels of EO (with the exception of normal pregnancy and preeclampsia [24][25][26]) appear to be a direct contributor to the adverse outcomes among the various patient populations mentioned above. This conclusion contrasts with the positive impression given in the medical uses of ouabain noted below. However, there may be a relatively straightforward explanation. With the exception of the CHF study,[16] the most obvious difference is the absence of overt preexisting myocardial infarction or coronary insufficiency in the patients recruited in most all of the above noted clinical studies and its invariable presence in most of the patient populations mentioned below.
Medical uses
Ouabain has some medical uses. Small doses of ouabain can be used to treat hypotension and cardiac arrhythmias.[27] Although ouabain is no longer approved for use in the USA, in France and Germany, intravenous ouabain has a long history in the treatment of heart failure, and some continue to advocate its use intravenously and per os (orally) in angina pectoris and myocardial infarction despite its poor and variable absorption. The positive properties of ouabain regarding the prophylaxis and treatment of these two indications are documented by a clutch of studies.[28][29]
Recently, use of ouabain as a contraceptive has been suggested based on the observation that it can severely decrease the motility of spermatozoa.[30]
Animal use of ouabain
The African crested rat smears toxins on its flank hairs
The African crested rat (Lophiomys imhausi) has a broad, white-bordered strip of hairs covering an area of glandular skin on the flank. When the animal is threatened or excited, the mane on its back erects and this flank strip parts, exposing the glandular area. The hairs in this flank area are highly specialised; at the tips they are like ordinary hairs, but are otherwise spongy, fibrous, and absorbent. The rat is known to deliberately chew the roots and bark of the Poison-arrow tree (Acokanthera schimperi), which contains ouabain. After the rat has chewed the tree, instead of swallowing the poison it slathers the resulting masticate onto its specialised flank hairs which are adapted to absorb the poisonous mixture. It thereby creates a defense mechanism that can sicken or even kill predators which attempt to bite it.[31][32][33]
Synthesis
The total synthesis of ouabain was achieved in 2008 by Deslongchamps laboratory in Canada.[34] It was synthesized under the hypothesis that a polyanionic cyclization (double Michael addition followed by aldol condensation) would allow access to a tetracyclic intermediate with the desired functionality.[34] The figure below shows the key steps in the synthesis of ouabain.
Key steps in the synthesis of ouabain.[35]
In their synthesis, Zhang et al. from the Deslongchamps laboratory condensed cyclohexenone A with Nazarov substitute B in a double Michael addition to produce tricycle C. At the indicated position, C was reduced to the aldehyde and the alcohol group was protected with p-methoxybenzyl ether (PMB) to form the aldol precursor needed to produce D. After several steps, intermediate E was produced. E contained all the required functionalities and stereochemistry needed to produce ouabain. The structure of E was confirmed by comparison against the degradation product of ouabain. Methylation of E, catalyzed by rhodium, produced F. The dehydroxylation and selective oxidation of the secondary hydroxy group of F produced G. G reacted with triphenyl phosphoranylidene ketene and the ester bonds in G were hydrolyzed to produce ouabagenin, a precursor to ouabain. The glycosylation of ouabagenin with rhamnose produced ouabain.
See also
- Strophanthidin
References
- ^ "ouabain" in the World English Dictionary
- ^ a b c d Pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov,. 'Ouabain | C29H44O12 - Pubchem'. N.p., 2015. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.
- ^ "40 C.F.R.: Appendix A to Part 355—The List of Extremely Hazardous Substances and Their Threshold Planning Quantities" (PDF) (July 1, 2008 ed.). Government Printing Office. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Neuwinger, Hans Dieter. African Ethanobotany: Poisons And Drugs. Weinheim: Chapman & Hall, 1996. Print.
- ^ a b c Osseo-Asare, A. D. 'Bioprospecting And Resistance: Transforming Poisoned Arrows Into Strophantin Pills In Colonial Gold Coast, 1885-1922'. Social History of Medicine 21.2 (2008): 269-290. Web.
- ^ Yu SP, Choi DW (1997). "Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange currents in cortical neurons: concomitant forward and reverse operation and effect of glutamate". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 9 (6): 1273–81. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01482.x. PMID 9215711.
- ^ a b Guidechem.com,. 'Ouabain (Cas 630-60-4) Msds'. N.p., 2015. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.
- ^ Hamlyn JM, Blaustein MP, Bova S, DuCharme DW, Harris DW, Mandel F, Mathews WR, Ludens JH.Identification and characterization of a ouabain-like compound from human plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jul 15;88(14):6259-63. Erratum in: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991 Nov 1;88(21):9907.PMID 1648735.
- ^ a b c Manunta, Paolo et al. 'Endogenous Ouabain In Cardiovascular Function And Disease'. Journal of Hypertension 27.1 (2009): 9-18. Web.
- ^ Hamlyn JM, Laredo J, Shah JR, Lu ZR, Hamilton BP (2003). "11-Hydroxylation in the Biosynthesis of Endogenous Ouabain: Multiple Implications". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 986: 685–93. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07283.x. PMID 12763919.
- ^ Hamlyn JM, Blaustein MP. Endogenous Ouabain: Recent Advances and Controversies. Hypertension 2016 Sep;68(3):526-32. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.06599.
- ^ a b Lewis,. 'Endogenous Ouabain Is Not Ouabain'. Hypertension 64.4 (2014): 680-683. Print.
- ^ Malawista I, Davidson EA.Isolation and identification of rhamnose from rabbit skin.Nature. 1961 Dec 2;192:871-2.
- ^ Staessen JA, Thijs L, Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Bacchieri A, Barton J, Espositi ED, de Leeuw PW, Dłużniewski M, Glorioso N, Januszewicz A, Manunta P, Milyagin V, Nikitin Y, Souček M, Lanzani C, Citterio L, Timio M, Tykarski A, Ferrari P, Valentini G, Kawecka-Jaszcz K, Bianchi G. Main results of the ouabain and adducin for Specific Intervention on Sodium in Hypertension Trial (OASIS-HT): a randomized placebo-controlled phase-2 dose-finding study of rostafuroxin. Trials. 2011 Jan 14;12:13. doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-13.
- ^ Lanzani C, Citterio L, Glorioso N, Manunta P, Tripodi G, Salvi E, Carpini SD, Ferrandi M, Messaggio E, Staessen JA, Cusi D, Macciardi F, Argiolas G, Valentini G, Ferrari P, Bianchi G. Adducin- and ouabain-related gene variants predict the antihypertensive activity of rostafuroxin, part 2: clinical studies. Sci Transl Med. 2010 Nov 24;2(59):59ra87. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3001814.
- ^ a b Gottlieb SS, Rogowski AC, Weinberg M, Krichten CM, Hamilton BP, Hamlyn JM. Elevated concentrations of endogenous ouabain in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1992 Aug;86(2):420-5.
- ^ Pitzalis MV, Hamlyn JM, Messaggio E, Iacoviello M, Forleo C, Romito R, de Tommasi E, Rizzon P, Bianchi G, Manunta P. Independent and incremental prognostic value of endogenous ouabain in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2006 Mar;8(2):179-86. Epub 2005 Sep 26.
- ^ Bignami E, Casamassima N, Frati E, Lanzani C, Corno L, Alfieri O, Gottlieb S, Simonini M, Shah KB, Mizzi A, Messaggio E, Zangrillo A, Ferrandi M, Ferrari P, Bianchi G, Hamlyn JM, Manunta P.Preoperative endogenous ouabain predicts acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery patients. Crit Care Med. 2013 Mar;41(3):744-55. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182741599.
- ^ Manunta P, Stella P, Rivera R, Ciurlino D, Cusi D, Ferrandi M, Hamlyn JM, Bianchi G. Left ventricular mass, stroke volume, and ouabain-like factor in essential hypertension.Hypertension. 1999 Sep;34(3):450-6. PMID 10489392
- ^ Simonini, Simonini M, Lanzani C, Bignami E, Casamassima N, Frati E, Meroni R, Messaggio E, Alfieri O, Hamlyn J, Body SC, Collard CD, Zangrillo A, Manunta P; CABG Genomics Investigators. A new clinical multivariable model that predicts postoperative acute kidney injury: impact of endogenous ouabain. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2014 Sep;29(9):1696-701. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfu200. Epub 2014 Jun 11.
- ^ Stella P, Manunta P, Mallamaci F, Melandri M, Spotti D, Tripepi G, Hamlyn JM, Malatino LS, Bianchi G, Zoccali C. Endogenous ouabain and cardiomyopathy in dialysis patients. J Intern Med. 2008 Mar;263(3):274-80. Epub 2007 Dec 7. PMID 18070001.
- ^ Huang BS, Ahmadi S, Ahmad M, White RA, Leenen FH.Central neuronal activation and pressor responses induced by circulating ANG II: role of the brain aldosterone-"ouabain" pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010 Aug;299(2):H422-30. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00256.2010. Epub 2010 May 28.PMID 20511409.
- ^ Hamlyn JM, Linde CI, Gao J, Huang BS, Golovina VA, Blaustein MP, Leenen FH. Neuroendocrine humoral and vascular components in the pressor pathway for brain angiotensin II: a new axis in long term blood pressure control. PLoS One. 2014 Oct 2;9(9):e108916. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108916. eCollection 2014.
- ^ Jacobs BE, Liu Y, Pulina MV, Golovina VA, Hamlyn JM. Normal pregnancy: mechanisms underlying the paradox of a ouabain-resistant state with elevated endogenous ouabain, suppressed arterial sodium calcium exchange, and low blood pressure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012 Mar 15;302(6):H1317-29. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00532.2011. Epub 2012 Jan 13. PMID 22245773.
- ^ Rana S, Rajakumar A, Geahchan C, Salahuddin S, Cerdeira AS, Burke SD, George EM, Granger JP, Karumanchi SA. Ouabain inhibits placental sFlt1 production by repressing HSP27-dependent HIF-1α pathway. FASEB J. 2014 Oct;28(10):4324-34. doi: 10.1096/fj.14-252684. Epub 2014 Jun 26. PMID 24970393.
- ^ Dvela-Levitt M, Cohen-Ben Ami H, Rosen H, Ornoy A, Hochner-Celnikier D, Granat M, Lichtstein D. Reduction in maternal circulating ouabain impairs offspring growth and kidney development. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 May;26(5):1103-14. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2014020130. Epub 2014 Oct 7. PMID 25294233.
- ^ Herbs2000.com,. 'Strophanthus'. N.p., 2015. Web. 8 Apr. 2015.
- ^ Fürstenwerth H (2010). "Ouabain - The Insulin of the Heart". Int J Clin Pract. 64 (12): 1591–4. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2010.02395.x. PMID 20946265.
- ^ Cowan T, MD, (2016) Human Heart, Cosmic Heart: A Doctor's Quest to Understand, Treat and Prevent Cardiovascular Disease, Chap 9, ISBN 9781603586191
- ^ Clausen MJ, Nissen P, Poulsen H (2011). "The Pumps that Fuel a Sperm's Journey". Biochem Soc Trans. 39 (3): 741–5. doi:10.1042/BST0390741. PMID 21599643.
- ^ Welsh, J. (2011). "Giant rat kills predators with poisonous hair". LiveScience. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
- ^ Morelle, R. (2011). "African crested rat uses poison trick to foil predators". BBC.co.uk. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
- ^ "Rat makes its own poison from toxic tree". University of Oxford. 2011. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
- ^ a b Zhang, Hongxing et al. 'Total Synthesis Of Ouabagenin And Ouabain'. Angew. Chem. 120.7 (2008): 1292-1295. Web.
- ^ Deslongchamps, P. et al. 'Synthesis Of Ouabain'. Synfacts 2008.6 (2008): 0562-0562. Web.
External links
- Hamlyn JM. "Ouabainomics". University of Maryland.
- Rudolf RD (1922). "The Use of Circulatory Stimulants in the Care of the Sick" (pdf). Can Med Assoc J. 12 (10): 697–701. PMC 1706809 . PMID 20314209.
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English Journal
- Experimental ischemia/reperfusion model impairs endocannabinoid signaling and Na+/K+ ATPase expression and activity in kidney proximal tubule cells.
- Sampaio LS1, Iannotti FA2, Veneziani L3, Borelli-Tôrres RT4, De Maio F2, Piscitelli F2, Reis RAM4, Di Marzo V2, Einicker-Lamas M5.
- Biochemical pharmacology.Biochem Pharmacol.2018 Aug;154:482-491. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.005. Epub 2018 Jun 8.
- PMID 29890144
- Ionotropin is the mammalian digoxin-like material (DLM). It is a phosphocholine ester of a steroid with 23 carbon atoms.
- Chasalow F1, Pierce-Cohen L2.
- Steroids.Steroids.2018 Aug;136:63-75. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.03.001. Epub 2018 Mar 14.
- PMID 29550540
- Characterization of a Long Non-Coding RNA, the Antisense RNA of Na/K-ATPase α1 in Human Kidney Cells.
- Fan X1, Ashraf UM2, Drummond CA3,4, Shi H5, Zhang X6, Kumarasamy S7, Tian J8.
- International journal of molecular sciences.Int J Mol Sci.2018 Jul 21;19(7). pii: E2123. doi: 10.3390/ijms19072123.
- PMID 30037072
Japanese Journal
- EFFECT OF G-STROPHANTHIN ON SINOATRIAL AND ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION IN DOGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INFLUENCES OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM : Cardiovascular Drugs : IV Auditorium : PROCEEDINGS OF THE 44th ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING OF THE JAPANESE CIRCULATION SOCIETY
- Ida Hiroshi,Yamamoto Setsuko,Koure Seiichiro,Yamane Osamu,Suga Hideaki,Baba Noboru,Murata Kazuhiko
- Japanese circulation journal 44(8), 649-650, 1980-09-20
- NAID 110002581970
- G-strophanthinによるウイルスの増殖阻害
- 株田 英文 [他]
- 久留米医学会雑誌 43(3), p234-237, 1980-03
- NAID 40000811389
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「ウアバイン」「G-ストロファンチン」「Gストロファンチン」 |
| 関連記事 | 「G」「Gd」「strophanthin」「g」 |
「ウアバイン」
- 強心配糖体
- 細胞膜のNa+,K+-ATPaseを特異的に阻害
「G-ストロファンチン」
「Gストロファンチン」
「G」
「Gd」
「strophanthin」
「g」
- 関
- gram