Crustacea
Temporal range: 511–0 Ma
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Cambrian to Recent |
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| Abludomelita obtusata, an amphipod |
| Scientific classification |
| Kingdom: |
Animalia |
| Phylum: |
Arthropoda |
| (unranked): |
Pancrustacea |
| Subphylum: |
Crustacea
Brünnich, 1772 |
| Classes and subclasses |
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Thylacocephala? †
Branchiopoda
- Phyllopoda
- Sarsostraca
Remipedia
Cephalocarida
Maxillopoda
- Thecostraca
- Tantulocarida
- Branchiura
- Pentastomida
- Mystacocarida
- Copepoda
Ostracoda
- Myodocopa
- Podocopa
Malacostraca
- Phyllocarida
- Hoplocarida
- Eumalacostraca
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Crustaceans (Crustacea ) form a very large group of arthropods, usually treated as a subphylum, which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles. Thanks to recent molecular studies, it is now well accepted that the crustacean group comprises all animals in the Pancrustacea clade other than hexapods.[1] In other words, some crustaceans are more closely related to insects and other hexapods than they are to certain other crustaceans.
The 67,000 described species range in size from Stygotantulus stocki at 0.1 mm (0.004 in), to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span of up to 3.8 m (12.5 ft) and a mass of 20 kg (44 lb). Like other arthropods, crustaceans have an exoskeleton, which they moult to grow. They are distinguished from other groups of arthropods, such as insects, myriapods and chelicerates, by the possession of biramous (two-parted) limbs, and by their larval forms, such as the nauplius stage of branchiopods and copepods.
Most crustaceans are free-living aquatic animals, but some are terrestrial (e.g. woodlice), some are parasitic (e.g. Rhizocephala, fish lice, tongue worms) and some are sessile (e.g. barnacles). The group has an extensive fossil record, reaching back to the Cambrian, and includes living fossils such as Triops cancriformis, which has existed apparently unchanged since the Triassic period. More than 10 million tons of crustaceans are produced by fishery or farming for human consumption, the majority of it being shrimp and prawns. Krill and copepods are not as widely fished, but may be the animals with the greatest biomass on the planet, and form a vital part of the food chain. The scientific study of crustaceans is known as carcinology (alternatively, malacostracology, crustaceology or crustalogy), and a scientist who works in carcinology is a carcinologist.
Contents
- 1 Structure
- 2 Ecology
- 3 Life cycle
- 3.1 Mating system
- 3.2 Eggs
- 3.3 Larvae
- 4 Classification
- 5 Fossil record
- 6 Consumption by humans
- 7 References
- 8 External links
Structure
A shed carapace of a lady crab, part of the hard exoskeleton
Body structure of a typical crustacean – krill
The body of a crustacean is composed of segments, which are grouped into three regions: the cephalon or head,[2] the thorax,[3] and the pleon or abdomen.[4] The head and thorax may be fused together to form a cephalothorax,[5] which may be covered by a single large carapace.[6] The crustacean body is protected by the hard exoskeleton, which must be moulted for the animal to grow. The shell around each somite can be divided into a dorsal tergum, ventral sternum and a lateral pleuron. Various parts of the exoskeleton may be fused together.[7]:289
Each somite, or body segment can bear a pair of appendages: on the segments of the head, these include two pairs of antennae, the mandibles and maxillae;[2] the thoracic segments bear legs, which may be specialised as pereiopods (walking legs) and maxillipeds (feeding legs).[3] The abdomen bears pleopods,[4] and ends in a telson, which bears the anus, and is often flanked by uropods to form a tail fan.[8] The number and variety of appendages in different crustaceans may be partly responsible for the group's success.[9]
Crustacean appendages are typically biramous, meaning they are divided into two parts; this includes the second pair of antennae, but not the first, which is usually uniramous, the exception being in the Class Malacostraca where the antennules may be generally biramous or even triramous.[10] [11] It is unclear whether the biramous condition is a derived state which evolved in crustaceans, or whether the second branch of the limb has been lost in all other groups. Trilobites, for instance, also possessed biramous appendages.[12]
See also: Hemolymph
The main body cavity is an open circulatory system, where blood is pumped into the haemocoel by a heart located near the dorsum.[13] Malacostraca have haemocyanin as the oxygen-carrying pigment, while copepods, ostracods, barnacles and branchiopods have haemoglobins.[14] The alimentary canal consists of a straight tube that often has a gizzard-like "gastric mill" for grinding food and a pair of digestive glands that absorb food; this structure goes in a spiral format.[15] Structures that function as kidneys are located near the antennae. A brain exists in the form of ganglia close to the antennae, and a collection of major ganglia is found below the gut.[16]
In many decapods, the first (and sometimes the second) pair of pleopods are specialised in the male for sperm transfer. Many terrestrial crustaceans (such as the Christmas Island red crab) mate seasonally and return to the sea to release the eggs. Others, such as woodlice, lay their eggs on land, albeit in damp conditions. In most decapods, the females retain the eggs until they hatch into free-swimming larvae.[17]
Ecology
The majority of crustaceans are aquatic, living in either marine or freshwater environments, but a few groups have adapted to life on land, such as terrestrial crabs, terrestrial hermit crabs, and woodlice. Marine crustaceans are as ubiquitous in the oceans as insects are on land.[18][19] The majority of crustaceans are also motile, moving about independently, although a few taxonomic units are parasitic and live attached to their hosts (including sea lice, fish lice, whale lice, tongue worms, and Cymothoa exigua, all of which may be referred to as "crustacean lice"), and adult barnacles live a sessile life – they are attached headfirst to the substrate and cannot move independently. Some branchiurans are able to withstand rapid changes of salinity and will also switch hosts from marine to non-marine species.[20]:672 Krill are the bottom layer and the most important part of the food chain in Antarctic animal communities.[21]:64 Some crustaceans are significant invasive species, such as the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis,[22] and the Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus.[23]
Life cycle
Eggs of
Potamon fluviatile, a freshwater crab
Zoea larva of the European lobster,
Homarus gammarus
Mating system
The majority of crustaceans have separate sexes, and reproduce sexually.[24] A small number are hermaphrodites, including barnacles, remipedes,[25] and Cephalocarida.[26] Some may even change sex during the course of their life.[26] Parthenogenesis is also widespread among crustaceans, where viable eggs are produced by a female without needing fertilisation by a male.[24] This occurs in many branchiopods, some ostracods, some isopods, and certain "higher" crustaceans, such as the Marmorkrebs crayfish.
Eggs
In many groups of crustaceans, the fertilised eggs are simply released into the water column, while others have developed a number of mechanisms for holding on to the eggs until they are ready to hatch. Most decapods carry the eggs attached to the pleopods, while peracarids, notostracans, anostracans, and many isopods form a brood pouch from the carapace and thoracic limbs.[24] Female Branchiura do not carry eggs in external ovisacs but attach them in rows to rocks and other objects.[27]:788 Most leptostracans and krill carry the eggs between their thoracic limbs; some copepods carry their eggs in special thin-walled sacs, while others have them attached together in long, tangled strings.[24]
Larvae
Main article: Crustacean larvae
Crustaceans exhibit a number of larval forms, of which the earliest and most characteristic is the nauplius. This has three pairs of appendages, all emerging from the young animal's head, and a single naupliar eye. In most groups, there are further larval stages, including the zoea (pl. zoeæ or zoeas[28]). This name was given to it when naturalists believed it to be a separate species.[29] It follows the nauplius stage and precedes the post-larva. Zoea larvae swim with their thoracic appendages, as opposed to nauplii, which use cephalic appendages, and megalopa, which use abdominal appendages for swimming. It often has spikes on its carapace, which may assist these small organisms in maintaining directional swimming.[30] In many decapods, due to their accelerated development, the zoea is the first larval stage. In some cases, the zoea stage is followed by the mysis stage, and in others, by the megalopa stage, depending on the crustacean group involved.
Classification
The name "crustacean" dates from the earliest works to describe the animals, including those of Pierre Belon and Guillaume Rondelet, but the name was not used by some later authors, including Carl Linnaeus, who included crustaceans among the "Aptera" in his Systema Naturae.[31] The earliest nomenclaturally valid work to use the name "Crustacea" was Morten Thrane Brünnich's Zoologiæ Fundamenta in 1772,[32] although he also included chelicerates in the group.[31]
The subphylum Crustacea comprises almost 67,000 described species,[33] which is thought to be just 1⁄10 to 1⁄100 of the total number as the majority of species remain as yet undiscovered.[34] Although most crustaceans are small, their morphology varies greatly and includes both the largest arthropod in the world – the Japanese spider crab with a leg span of 3.7 metres (12 ft)[35] – and the smallest, the 1-micrometre-long (0.00004 in) Stygotantulus stocki.[36] Despite their diversity of form, crustaceans are united by the special larval form known as the nauplius.
The exact relationships of the Crustacea to other taxa are not completely settled as of April 2012[update]. Studies based on morphology led to the Pancrustacea hypothesis,[37] in which Crustacea and Hexapoda (insects and allies) are sister groups. More recent studies using DNA sequences suggest that Crustacea is paraphyletic, with the hexapods nested within a larger Pancrustacea clade.[38][39]
Although the classification of crustaceans has been quite variable, the system used by Martin and Davis[40] largely supersedes earlier works. Mystacocarida and Branchiura, here treated as part of Maxillopoda, are sometimes treated as their own classes. Six classes are usually recognised:
Copepods, from Ernst Haeckel's 1904 work
Kunstformen der Natur
Decapods, from Ernst Haeckel's 1904 work
Kunstformen der Natur
| Class |
Members |
Orders |
Photo |
| Branchiopoda |
brine shrimp
fairy shrimp
water fleas
tadpole shrimp
clam shrimp |
Anostraca
Lipostraca
Notostraca
Laevicaudata
Spinicaudata
Cyclestherida
Cladocera |
Daphnia pulex (Cladocera) |
| Remipedia |
|
Nectiopoda |
Speleonectes tanumekes (Speleonectidae) |
| Cephalocarida |
horseshoe shrimp |
Brachypoda |
|
| Maxillopoda |
barnacles
copepods |
Calanoida
Pedunculata
Sessilia
c. 20 others |
Chthamalus stellatus (Sessilia) |
| Ostracoda |
seed shrimp |
Myodocopida
Halocyprida
Platycopida
Podocopida |
Cylindroleberididae |
| Malacostraca |
crabs
lobsters
crayfish
shrimp
krill
mantis shrimp
woodlice
hooded shrimp
scuds
sandhoppers
etc. |
Decapoda
Isopoda
Amphipoda
Stomatopoda
c. 12 others |
Gammarus roeseli (Amphipoda) |
Fossil record
Eryma mandelslohi, a fossil decapod from the Jurassic of Bissingen an der Teck, Germany
Crustaceans have a rich and extensive fossil record, which begins with animals such as Canadaspis and Perspicaris from the Middle Cambrian age Burgess Shale.[41][42] Most of the major groups of crustaceans appear in the fossil record before the end of the Cambrian, namely the Branchiopoda, Maxillopoda (including barnacles and tongue worms) and Malacostraca; there is some debate as to whether or not Cambrian animals assigned to Ostracoda are truly ostracods, which would otherwise start in the Ordovician.[43] The only classes to appear later are the Cephalocarida,[44] which have no fossil record, and the Remipedia, which were first described from the fossil Tesnusocaris goldichi, but do not appear until the Carboniferous.[45] Most of the early crustaceans are rare, but fossil crustaceans become abundant from the Carboniferous period onwards.[41]
Norway lobsters on sale at a Spanish market
Within the Malacostraca, no fossils are known for krill,[46] while both Hoplocarida and Phyllopoda contain important groups that are now extinct as well as extant members (Hoplocarida: mantis shrimp are extant, while Aeschronectida are extinct;[47] Phyllopoda: Canadaspidida are extinct, while Leptostraca are extant[42]). Cumacea and Isopoda are both known from the Carboniferous,[48][49] as are the first true mantis shrimp.[50] In the Decapoda, prawns and polychelids appear in the Triassic,[51][52] and shrimp and crabs appear in the Jurassic;[53][54] however, the great radiation of crustaceans occurred in the Cretaceous, particularly in crabs, and may have been driven by the adaptive radiation of their main predators, bony fish.[54] The first true lobsters also appear in the Cretaceous.[55]
Consumption by humans
Many crustaceans are consumed by humans, and nearly 10,700,000 tons were produced in 2007; the vast majority of this output is of decapod crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crawfish, and prawns.[56] Over 60% by weight of all crustaceans caught for consumption are shrimp and prawns, and nearly 80% is produced in Asia, with China alone producing nearly half the world's total.[56] Non-decapod crustaceans are not widely consumed, with only 118,000 tons of krill being caught,[56] despite krill having one of the greatest biomasses on the planet.[57]
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Plates with barnacles served at a Madrid restaurant
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References
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- ^ a b "Abdomen". Crustacean Glossary. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
- ^ "Cephalothorax". Crustacean Glossary. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
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- ^ P. J. Hayward; J. S. Ryland (1995). Handbook of the marine fauna of north-west Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854055-7. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
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- ^ Elizabeth Pennisi (1997). "Crab legs and lobster claws". Science 277 (5322): 36. doi:10.1126/science.277.5322.36.
- ^ "Antennule". Crustacean Glossary. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
- ^ "Crustaceamorpha: appendages". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
- ^ N. C. Hughes (2003). "Trilobite tagmosis and body patterning from morphological and developmental perspectives". Integrative and Comparative Biology 43 (1): 185–206. doi:10.1093/icb/43.1.185.
- ^ Akira Sakurai. "Closed and Open Circulatory System". Georgia State University. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
- ^ Klaus Urich (1994). "Respiratory pigments". Comparative Animal Biochemistry. Springer. pp. 249–287. ISBN 978-3-540-57420-0.
- ^ H. J. Ceccaldi. Anatomy and physiology of digestive tract of Crustaceans Decapods reared in aquaculture (PDF). Advances in Tropical Aquaculture. Tahiti Feb. 20 – March 4, 1989. AQUACOP, IFREMER. Actes de Colloque 9. pp. 243–259.
- ^ Michael T. Ghiselin (2005). "Crustacean". Encarta. Microsoft.
- ^ Burkenroad, M. D. (1963). "The evolution of the Eucarida (Crustacea, Eumalacostraca), in relation to the fossil record". Tulane Studies in Geology 2 (1): 1–17.
- ^ "Crabs, lobsters, prawns and other crustaceans". Australian Museum. January 5, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ "Benthic animals". Icelandic Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ Alan P. Covich; James H. Thorp (1991). "Crustacea: Introduction and Peracarida". In James H. Thorp; Alan P. Covich. Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates (1st ed.). Academic Press. pp. 665–722. ISBN 978-0-12-690645-5. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ P. D. Virtue; P. D. Nichols; S. Nicols (1997). "Dietary-related mechanisms of survival in Euphasia superba: biochemical changes during long term starvation and bacteria as a possible source of nutrition.". In Bruno Battaglia; José Valencia; D. W. H. Walton. Antarctic communities: species, structure, and survival. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-48033-8. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ Stephan Gollasch (April 3, 2006). "Eriocheir sinensis". Global Invasive Species Database. Invasive Species Specialist Group. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ John J. McDermott (1999). "The western Pacific brachyuran Hemigrapsus sanguineus (Grapsidae) in its new habitat along the Atlantic coast of the United States: feeding, cheliped morphology and growth". In Frederick R. Schram & J. C. von Vaupel Klein. Crustaceans and the biodiversity crisis: Proceedings of the Fourth International Crustacean Congress, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, July 20–24, 1998. Koninklijke Brill. pp. 425–444. ISBN 978-90-04-11387-9. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "Crustacean (arthropod)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
- ^ G. L. Pesce. "Remipedia Yager, 1981".
- ^ a b D. E. Aiken; V. Tunnicliffe; C. T. Shih; L. D. Delorme. "Crustacean". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
- ^ Alan P. Covich; James H. Thorp (2001). "Introduction to the Subphylum Crustacea". In James H. Thorp; Alan P. Covich. Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 777–798. ISBN 978-0-12-690647-9. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ "Zoea". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ William Thomas Calman (1911). "Crab". Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition.
- ^ W. F. R. Weldon (1889). "Note on the function of the spines of the Crustacean zoœa" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 1 (2): 169–172. doi:10.1017/S0025315400057994.
- ^ a b Lipke B. Holthuis (1991). "Introduction". Marine Lobsters of the World. FAO Species Catalogue, Volume 13. Food and Agriculture Organization. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-92-5-103027-1.
- ^ M. T. Brünnich (1772). Zoologiæ fundamenta prælectionibus academicis accomodata. Grunde i Dyrelaeren (in Latin and Danish). Copenhagen & Leipzig: Fridericus Christianus Pelt. pp. 1–254.
- ^ Zhi-Qiang Zhang (2011). Z.-Q. Zhang, ed. "Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness - Phylum Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848" (PDF). Zootaxa 4138: 99–103.
- ^ "Crustaceans — bugs of the sea". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
- ^ "Japanese Spider Crabs Arrive at Aquarium". Oregon Coast Aquarium. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ Craig R. McClain; Alison G. Boyer (2009). "Biodiversity and body size are linked across metazoans". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 296 (1665): 2209–2215. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0245. PMC 2677615. PMID 19324730.
- ^ J. Zrzavý; P. Štys (1997). "The basic body plan of arthropods: insights from evolutionary morphology and developmental biology". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 10 (3): 353–367. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10030353.x.
- ^ Jerome C. Regier; Jeffrey W. Shultz; Andreas Zwick; April Hussey; Bernard Ball; Regina Wetzer; Joel W. Martin; Clifford W. Cunningham (2010). "Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences". Nature 463 (7284): 1079–1083. Bibcode:2010Natur.463.1079R. doi:10.1038/nature08742. PMID 20147900.
- ^ Björn M. von Reumont; Ronald A. Jenner; Matthew A. Wills; Emiliano Dell'Ampio; Günther Pass; Ingo Ebersberger; Benjamin Meyer; Stefan Koenemann; Thomas M. Iliffe; Alexandros Stamatakis; Oliver Niehuis; Karen Meusemann; Bernhard Misof (2011). "Pancrustacean phylogeny in the light of new phylogenomic data: support for Remipedia as the possible sister group of Hexapoda". Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 (3): 1031–1045. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr270. PMID 22049065.
- ^ Joel W. Martin; George E. Davis (2001). An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea (PDF). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 1–132.
- ^ a b "Fossil Record". Fossil Groups: Crustacea. University of Bristol. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
- ^ a b Derek Briggs (1978). "The morphology, mode of life, and affinities of Canadaspis perfecta (Crustacea: Phyllocarida), Middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale, British Columbia". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 281 (984): 439–487. Bibcode:1978RSPTB.281..439B. doi:10.1098/rstb.1978.0005.
- ^ Matthew Olney. "Ostracods". An insight into micropalaeontology. University College, London. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
- ^ R. R. Hessler (1984). "Cephalocarida: living fossil without a fossil record". In N. Eldredge; S. M. Stanley. Living Fossils. New York: Springer Verlag. pp. 181–186. ISBN 978-3-540-90957-6.
- ^ Stefan Koenemann; Frederick R. Schram; Mario Hönemann; Thomas M. Iliffe (2007). "Phylogenetic analysis of Remipedia (Crustacea)". Organisms Diversity & Evolution 7 (1): 33–51. doi:10.1016/j.ode.2006.07.001.
- ^ "Antarctic Prehistory". Australian Antarctic Division. July 29, 2008.
- ^ Ronald A. Jenner; Cees H. J. Hof; Frederick R. Schram (1998). "Palaeo- and archaeostomatopods (Hoplocarida: Crustacea) from the Bear Gulch Limestone, Mississippian (Namurian), of central Montana". Contributions to Zoology 67 (3): 155–186.
- ^ Frederick Schram, Cees H. J. Hof, Royal H. Mapes & Polly Snowdon (2003). "Paleozoic cumaceans (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Peracarida) from North America". Contributions to Zoology 72 (1): 1–16.
- ^ Frederick R. Schram (1970). "Isopod from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois". Science 169 (3948): 854–855. Bibcode:1970Sci...169..854S. doi:10.1126/science.169.3948.854. PMID 5432581.
- ^ Cees H. J. Hof (1998). "Fossil stomatopods (Crustacea: Malacostraca) and their phylogenetic impact". Journal of Natural History 32 (10 & 11): 1567–1576. doi:10.1080/00222939800771101.
- ^ Robert P. D. Crean (November 14, 2004). "Dendrobranchiata". Order Decapoda. University of Bristol.
- ^ Hiroaki Karasawa; Fumio Takahashi; Eiji Doi; Hideo Ishida (2003). "First notice of the family Coleiidae Van Straelen (Crustacea: Decapoda: Eryonoides) from the upper Triassic of Japan". Paleontological Research 7 (4): 357–362. doi:10.2517/prpsj.7.357.
- ^ Fenner A. Chace, Jr. & Raymond B. Manning (1972). "Two new caridean shrimps, one representing a new family, from marine pools on Ascension Island (Crustacea: Decapoda: Natantia)" (PDF). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 131: 18 pp. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.131.
- ^ a b J. W. Wägele (1989). "On the influence of fishes on the evolution of benthic crustaceans". Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 27 (4): 297–309. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00352.x.
- ^ Dale Tshudy; W. Steven Donaldson; Christopher Collom; Rodney M. Feldmann; Carrie E. Schweitzer (2005). "Hoploparia albertaensis, a new species of clawed lobster (Nephropidae) from the Late Coniacean, shallow-marine Bad Heart Formation of northwestern Alberta, Canada". Journal of Paleontology 79 (5): 961–968. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0961:HAANSO]2.0.CO;2.
- ^ a b c "FIGIS: Global Production Statistics 1950–2007". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
- ^ Steven Nicol; Yoshinari Endo (1997). Krill Fisheries of the World. Fisheries Technical Paper 367. Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 978-92-5-104012-6.
General references
- Frederick Schram (1986). Crustacea. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503742-5.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crustacea. |
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Wikispecies has information related to: Crustacea |
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Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Crustacea. |
- Crustacea.net, an online resource on the biology of crustaceans
- Crustacea: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
- Crustacea: Tree of Life Web Project
- The Crustacean Society
- Natural History Collections: Crustacea: University of Edinburgh
- Crustaceans (Crustacea) on the shore of Singapore
- Crustacea(crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, barnacles): Biodiversity Explorer
- "Crustacea". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- Clark, Hubert Lyman; Ingersoll, Ernest (1905). "Crustacea". New International Encyclopedia.
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Extant Arthropoda classes by subphylum
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- Kingdom Animalia
- Subkingdom Eumetazoa
- (unranked) Bilateria
- (unranked) Protostomia
- Superphylum Ecdysozoa
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| Incertae sedis |
- Pycnogonida (sea spiders)¹
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| Chelicerata |
- Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)²
- Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
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| Myriapoda |
- Chilopoda (centipedes)
- Diplopoda (millipedes)
- Pauropoda (pauropods)
- Symphyla (symphylans or garden centipedes)
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Pancrustacea
(Crustacea +
+ Hexapoda) |
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Oligostraca
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Ichthyostraca
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Nameless clade
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- Pentastomida (tongue worms)³
- Branchiura (fish lice)³
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A
l
t
o
c
r
u
s
t
a
c
e
a
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Multicrustacea
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- Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)
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Hexanauplia
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- Copepoda (copepods)³
- Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)³ + Tantulocarida³
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Allotriocarida
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Nameless clade
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- Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)
- Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)
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Nameless clade
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Hexapoda
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Nameless clade
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- Collembola (springtails)4
- Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)4
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- ¹close to Chelicerata or basal
- ²contains the only extant order Xiphosura
- ³Maxillopoda
- 4Entognatha
- italic are paraphyletic groups
- Sources: Oakley et al. (2013), Petrunina (2012), Sasaki et al. (2013) for pancrustaceans.
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| Authority control |
- GND: 4073783-4
- NDL: 00566248
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節足動物（せっそくどうぶつ）とは、動物界最大の分類群で、昆虫類、甲殻類、クモ類、ムカデ類など、硬い殻（外骨格）と関節を持つグループ。陸・海・空・土中・寄生などあらゆる場所に進出し、現生種は約110万種と名前を持つ全動物種の85%以上を占める。ただし未記載の動物種もいまだ多く、最近の研究では海産の線形動物だけで1億種以上いると推定されている。
