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…especially in the so-called corticomesolimbic dopamine reward circuit. Cocaine addiction has been conceptualized as a disease of the brain dopamine reward system . Cocaine is unique among stimulant drugs in having …
…macrophages, and an increased adaptive immune response . The reward system effects were mediated, at least partially, by the sympathetic nervous system, which extends from the brain into the spleen and other …
…increased activation of the bilateral ventro-medial prefrontal cortex, a core region of the brain reward system, triggered by appetitive cigarette cues in 18 smokers with schizophrenia compared with 24 control …
…youth to early use of substances and persistent substance use. Once exposed to substances, brain reward systems reinforce substance use, resulting in repeated use and lower ability to control substance use …
… of the endogenous opioid systems . Certain opioids can also act on several other central nervous system neurotransmitter systems,… Activation of endogenous mu opioid receptors results in the prototypic opioid effects of reward,…