WordNet

an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: "the range of a supersonic jet"; "a piano has a greater range than the human voice"; "the ambit of municipal legislation"; "within the compass of this article"; "within the scope of an investigation"; "outside the reach of the law"; "in the political orbit of a world power" (同)range, reach, orbit, compass, ambit
select (a team or individual player) for a game; "The Buckeyes fielded a young new quarterback for the Rose Bowl"
the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it (同)field of force, force_field
a particular kind of commercial enterprise; "they are outstanding in their field" (同)field_of_operation, line of business
a region in which active military operations are in progress; "the army was in the field awaiting action"; "he served in the Vietnam theater for three years" (同)field of operations, theater, theater of operations, theatre, theatre of operations
the area that is visible (as through an optical instrument) (同)field of view
(computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit of information
(mathematics) a set of elements such that addition and multiplication are commutative and associative and multiplication is distributive over addition and there are two elements 0 and 1; "the set of all rational numbers is a field"
a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found; "the diamond fields of South Africa"
a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed; "he planted a field of wheat"
all of the horses in a particular horse race
all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event
somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected; "anthropologists do much of their work in the field"
answer adequately or successfully; "The lawyer fielded all questions from the press"
catch or pick up (balls) in baseball or cricket
play as a fielder
(baseball) handling the ball while playing in the field

PrepTutorEJDIC

(物事の及ぶ)『範囲』 / (人の理解・行動する)『能力の限界』,視野 / (表現・発達・活動する)機会,余地《+『for』+『名』》
〈C〉『野原』,[牧]草地;田;畑;《the fields》田野,田畑 / 〈C〉(雪・氷などの)原,広がり / 〈C〉(鉱物などの)産出地,埋蔵地 / 〈C〉『戦場』(battlefield);戦闘(battle) / 〈C〉(スポーツの)『競技場』;(陸上のトラックに対して)フィールド / 〈C〉(ある用途の)場,地面 / 〈C〉(研究・活動などの)『分野』,領域 / 《the~》現地 / 〈C〉(電気・磁気などの)場;(レンズの)視界 / 〈C〉(絵・旗などの)地,下地 / 《the~》《集合的に》(キツネ狩り・競技の)参加者;(競馬の)出走馬;(野球の)守備選手 / (野球・クリケットで)〈打球〉‘を'さばく / 〈選手〉‘を'出場させる,守備につける / (野球・クリケットで)野手をつとめる
『視覚の』 / 目に見える;目で見た / 有視界の
(軽べつ・非難を表して)ええっ,まあ

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/04 10:23:02」(JST)

wiki en

The visual field is the "spatial array of visual sensations available to observation in introspectionist psychological experiments"^[1]

Visual field is sometimes confused with a field of view. The field of view is everything that at a given time causes light to fall onto the retina. This input is processed by the visual system, which computes the visual field as the output.

In optometry and ophthalmology a visual field test is used to determine whether the visual field is affected by diseases that cause local scotoma or a more extensive loss of vision or even a reduction in sensitivity (threshold).

Normal limits

The normal human visual field extends to approximately 60 degrees nasally (toward the nose, or inward) from the vertical meridian in each eye, to 100 degrees temporally (away from the nose, or outwards) from the vertical meridian, and approximately 60 degrees above and 75 below the horizontal meridian.^{[citation needed]} In the United Kingdom, the minimum field requirement for driving is 60 degrees either side of the vertical meridian, and 20 degrees above and below horizontal. The macula corresponds to the central 13 degrees of the visual field; the fovea to the central 3 degrees.

Measuring the visual field

The visual field is measured by perimetry. This may be kinetic, where points of light are moved inwards until the observer sees them, or static, where points of light are flashed onto a white screen and the observer is asked to press a button if he or she sees it. The most common perimeter used is the automated Humphrey Field Analyzer and Heidelberg Edge Perimeter.

Another method is to use a campimeter, a small device designed to measure the visual field.

Patterns testing the central 24 degrees or 30 degrees of the visual field, are most commonly used. Most perimeters are also capable of testing the full field of vision.

Another method is for the practitioner to hold up 1,2, or 5 fingers in the four quadrants and center of a patient's visual field (with the other eye covered). If the patient is able to report the number of fingers properly as compared with the visual field of the practitioner, the normal result is recorded as "full to count fingers" (often abbreviated FTCF). The blind spot can also be assessed via holding a small red object between the practitioner and the patient. By comparing when the red object disappears for the practitioner, a patient's abnormally large blind spot can be identified. There are many variants of this type of exam (e.g. wiggling fingers at visual periphery in cardinal axes).

Visual field loss

Visual field loss may occur due to disease or disorders of the eye, optic nerve, or brain. Classically, there are four types of visual field defects:^[2]

Altitudinal field defects, loss of vision above or below the horizontal – associated with ocular abnormalities
Bitemporal hemianopia, loss of vision at the sides (see below)
Central scotoma, loss of central vision
Homonymous hemianopia, loss at one side in both eyes – defect behind optic chiasm (see below)

In humans, confrontational testing and other forms of perimetry are used to detect and measure visual field loss. Different neurological difficulties cause characteristic forms of visual disturbances, including hemianopsias (shown below without macular sparing), quadrantanopsia, and others.

Paris as seen with full visual fields

Paris as seen with bitemporal hemianopsia

Paris as seen with binasal hemianopsia

Paris as seen with left homonymous hemianopsia

Paris as seen with right homonymous hemianopsia

The good vision island

The visual field is uneven. It is not uniform and has its maximum definition in its central part.

Harry Moss Traquair describes in 1927 that our visual field as "an island of vision or hill of vision surrounded by a sea of blindness".^[3] The 'island of vision' corresponds to a sudden change of definition we have. Its empirical elliptical limits in the longest (horizontal) axis, are our Blind Spots.

Kim Lloveras i Montserrat, argues^[4] that in the Romanesque age, people were aware of the particularities of our blinds spots as horizontal limits of the central good vision. Further, they know that more than a change in definition there is a strong change of perception of space. The observer feels inside the central area and understands their borders as 'their enveloping', making them a very helpful principle for architectural design. The exhibit La experiencia del Espacio Personal^[5] at the Barcelona School of Architecture explored this phenomenon, using a large ellipse (TK), whch is 3.10 meters tall (twice the height of a person) and has a major axis of 3.94, located 6.38 m from the observer (these dimensions are very similar to those proposed by Traquair for the limits of the "visual island").

References

^ Smythies J (1996). "A note on the concept of the visual field in neurology, psychology, and visual neuroscience". Perception 25 (3): 369–71. doi:10.1068/p250369. PMID 8804101.
^ Jay WM (1981). "Visual field defects". American Family Physician 24 (2): 138–42. PMID 7258077.
^ Traquair,Harry Moss. An Introduction to clinical perimetry. London, Henry Kimpton,1927,pp.264.
^ http://upcommons.upc.edu/e-prints/handle/2117/1794
^ http://www.arquiteturarevista.unisinos.br/pdf/49.pdf

External links

MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Visual Field
Patient Plus
Quadrantanopsia Visual Fields Teaching Case from MedPix
Strasburger, Rentschler, Jüttner (2011). Peripheral vision and pattern recognition: a review. Journal of Vision, 11(5):13, 1–82.
Software for visual psychophysics; VisionScience.com

UpToDate Contents

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1. 同名半盲 homonymous hemianopia
2. 成人における詳細な神経学的検査 the detailed neurologic examination in adults
3. 急性持続性視力喪失が認められた成人に対するアプローチ approach to the adult with acute persistent visual loss
4. 一過性黒内障（一過性単眼または両眼視力低下） amaurosis fugax transient monocular or binocular visual loss
5. 網膜色素変性症：臨床症状および診断 retinitis pigmentosa clinical presentation and diagnosis

English Journal

Rapid visual detection of phytase gene in genetically modified maize using loop-mediated isothermal amplification method.

Huang X1, Chen L2, Xu J2, Ji HF3, Zhu S2, Chen H2.Author information 1Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: huangxin03@tsinghua.org.cn.2Institute of Plant Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.3Department of Chemistry, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19010, USA.AbstractTransgenic maize plant expressing high phytase activity has been reported and approved by Chinese government in 2009. Here, we report a highly specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method to detect the phytase gene in the GMO maize. The LAMP reaction takes less than 20min and the amplification is visible without gel electrophoresis. The detection sensitivity of the LAMP method is about 30 copies of phytase genomic DNA, which is 33.3 times greater than the conventional PCR method with gel electrophoresis. The quantitative detection results showed that the LAMP method has a good linear correlation between the DNA copy number and the associated Tt values over a large dynamic range of template concentration from 6×10(1) to 6×10(7) copies, with a quantification limit of 60 copies. Therefore, the LAMP method is visual, faster, and more sensitive, and does not need special equipment compared to traditional PCR technique, which is very useful for field tests and fast screening of GMO feeds.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Aug 1;156:184-9. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.102. Epub 2014 Feb 6.
Transgenic maize plant expressing high phytase activity has been reported and approved by Chinese government in 2009. Here, we report a highly specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method to detect the phytase gene in the GMO maize. The LAMP reaction takes less than 20min and the am
PMID 24629956

Lateralized hybrid faces: Evidence of a valence-specific bias in the processing of implicit emotions.

Prete G1, Laeng B, Tommasi L.Author information 1a Department of Neuroscience and Imaging , 'G. d'Annunzio' University of Chieti-Pescara , Chieti , Italy.AbstractIt is well known that hemispheric asymmetries exist for both the analyses of low-level visual information (such as spatial frequency) and high-level visual information (such as emotional expressions). In this study, we assessed which of the above factors underlies perceptual laterality effects with "hybrid faces": a type of stimulus that allows testing for unaware processing of emotional expressions, when the emotion is displayed in the low-frequency information while an image of the same face with a neutral expression is superimposed to it. Despite hybrid faces being perceived as neutral, the emotional information modulates observers' social judgements. In the present study, participants were asked to assess friendliness of hybrid faces displayed tachistoscopically, either centrally or laterally to fixation. We found a clear influence of the hidden emotions also with lateral presentations. Happy faces were rated as more friendly and angry faces as less friendly with respect to neutral faces. In general, hybrid faces were evaluated as less friendly when they were presented in the left visual field/right hemisphere than in the right visual field/left hemisphere. The results extend the validity of the valence hypothesis in the specific domain of unaware (subcortical) emotion processing.
Laterality.Laterality.2014 Jul;19(4):439-54. doi: 10.1080/1357650X.2013.862255. Epub 2013 Dec 18.
It is well known that hemispheric asymmetries exist for both the analyses of low-level visual information (such as spatial frequency) and high-level visual information (such as emotional expressions). In this study, we assessed which of the above factors underlies perceptual laterality effects with
PMID 24345101

Towards identifying the roll motion parameters of a motorcycle simulator.

Shahar A1, Dagonneau V2, Caro S2, Israël I3, Lobjois R2.Author information 1Laboratory of Operations, Perception, Simulators and Simulations (LEPSiS), French Institute of Sciences and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), 14-20 Boulevard Newton, Cité Descartes, Champs sur Marne, F-77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France. Electronic address: amit.shahar@ifsttar.fr.2Laboratory of Operations, Perception, Simulators and Simulations (LEPSiS), French Institute of Sciences and Technology for Transport, Development and Networks (IFSTTAR), 14-20 Boulevard Newton, Cité Descartes, Champs sur Marne, F-77447 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France.3École Pratique des Hautes Études, Laboratoire Développement et Complexité, France.AbstractThis study aimed at identifying the roll motion parameters of a motorcycle simulator prototype. Experienced motorcyclists tuned the angular physical movement of the mock-up and that of the visual scene to achieve an optimal riding experience during curves. The participants exceeded the rolling angles that would be required in real-world riding, while avoiding leaning the mock-up beyond 10°. In addition, they were more influenced by the speed of the virtual motorcycle than by road curvature, especially in a wide field of view. Heterogeneity was found in the roll applied to the visual scene. The overall patterns suggest that at least when washout is not applied to remove the side forces that in real-world riding are compensated by a centrifugal force, greater roll of the visual at the expense of the mock-up is mandatory to avoid performance biases that might be enhanced due to fear of falling off the simulator. Future roll motion models must take into consideration factors such as riding postures, which might not only influence the forces operating on the rider-motorcycle system, but also how motorcyclists perceive the visual world.
Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2014 May;45(3):734-40. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2013.09.013. Epub 2013 Oct 17.
This study aimed at identifying the roll motion parameters of a motorcycle simulator prototype. Experienced motorcyclists tuned the angular physical movement of the mock-up and that of the visual scene to achieve an optimal riding experience during curves. The participants exceeded the rolling angle
PMID 24140244