WordNet

arrange in phases or stages; "phase a withdrawal"
(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary; "the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system" (同)form
a particular point in the time of a cycle; measured from some arbitrary zero and expressed as an angle (同)phase_angle
any distinct time period in a sequence of events; "we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected" (同)stage
adjust so as to be in a synchronized condition; "he phased the intake with the output of the machine"
(astronomy) the particular appearance of a bodys state of illumination (especially one of the recurring shapes of the part of Earths moon that is illuminated by the sun); "the full phase of the moon"
a visible suspension in the air of particles of some substance (同)vapour

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(変化・発達の)『段階』,『局面』 / (物事の)『面』,様相《+『of』+『名』》 / (月・惑星などの)相 / …‘を'段階的に調整(整理)する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/24 21:43:45」(JST)

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For other uses, see Vapor (disambiguation).

Water condenses into visible droplets after evaporating from a cup of hot tea

A vapour (English spelling) or vapor (American-English Spelling) is a substance in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical point.^[1] This means that the vapour can be condensed to a liquid by increasing its pressure without reducing the temperature.

For example, water has a critical temperature of 374 °C (647 K), which is the highest temperature at which liquid water can exist. In the atmosphere at ordinary temperatures, therefore, gaseous water (known as water vapour) will condense to liquid if its partial pressure is increased sufficiently.

A vapour may co-exist with a liquid (or solid). When this is true, the two phases will be in equilibrium, and the gas partial pressure will equal the equilibrium vapour pressure of the liquid (or solid).^[1]

Properties[edit]

The vapour-liquid critical point in a pressure-temperature phase diagram is at the high-temperature extreme of the liquid-gas phase boundary. (The dotted green line gives the anomalous behaviour of water.)

Vapour refers to a gas phase at a temperature where the same substance can also exist in the liquid or solid state, below the critical temperature of the substance. (For example, water has a critical temperature of 374 °C (647 K), which is the highest temperature at which liquid water can exist.) If the vapour is in contact with a liquid or solid phase, the two phases will be in a state of equilibrium. The term gas refers to a compressible fluid phase. Fixed gases are gases for which no liquid or solid can form at the temperature of the gas, such as air at typical ambient temperatures. A liquid or solid does not have to boil to release a vapour.

Vapour is responsible for the familiar processes of cloud formation and condensation. It is commonly employed to carry out the physical processes of distillation and headspace extraction from a liquid sample prior to gas chromatography.

The constituent molecules of a vapour possess vibrational, rotational, and translational motion. These motions are considered in the kinetic theory of gases.

Vapour pressure[edit]

Main article: Vapour pressure

Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium

The vapour pressure is the equilibrium pressure from a liquid or a solid at a specific temperature. The equilibrium vapour pressure of a liquid or solid is not affected by the amount of contact with the liquid or solid interface.

The normal boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapour pressure is equal to one atmosphere (unit).^[1]

For two-phase systems (e.g., two liquid phases), the vapour pressure of the individual phases are equal. In the absence of stronger inter-species attractions between like-like or like-unlike molecules, the vapour pressure follows Raoult's Law, which states that the partial pressure of each component is the product of the vapour pressure of the pure component and its mole fraction in the mixture. The total vapour pressure is the sum of the component partial pressures.^[2]

Examples[edit]

Water vapour is responsible for humidity

Perfumes contain chemicals that vapourise at different temperatures and at different rate in scent accords known as notes.
Atmospheric water vapour is found near the earth's surface, and may condense into small liquid droplets and form meteorological phenomena such as fog, mist and haar.
Mercury-vapour lamps and sodium vapour lamps produce light from atoms in excited states.

Measuring vapour[edit]

Since it is in the gas phase, the amount of vapour present is quantified by the partial pressure of the gas. Also, vapours obey the barometric formula in a gravitational field just as conventional atmospheric gases do.

Flammable liquids[edit]

Flammable liquids do not burn when ignited.^{[citation needed]} It is the vapour cloud above the liquid that will burn if the vapour's concentration is between the Lower Flammable Limit (LFL) and Upper Flammable Limit (UFL) of the flammable liquid.

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c R. H. Petrucci, W. S. Harwood, and F. G. Herring, General Chemistry, Prentice-Hall, 8th ed. 2002, p. 483-6.
^ Thomas Engel and Philip Reid, Physical Chemistry, Pearson Benjamin-Cummings, 2006, p.194

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Organophosphate vapor detection on gold electrodes using peptide nanotubes.

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Peptide nanotubes (PNTs) encapsulating horseradish peroxidase and surface coated with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were attached to gold screen printed electrodes to construct a novel gas phase organophosphate (OP) biosensor. When the sensor with the AChE enzyme is put in contact with acetylthiocholi
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Measurement of spatial and temporal variation in volatile hazardous air pollutants in Tacoma, Washington, using a mobile membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) system.

Davey NG1, Fitzpatrick CT, Etzkorn JM, Martinsen M, Crampton RS, Onstad GD, Larson TV, Yost MG, Krogh ET, Gilroy M, Himes KH, Saganić ET, Simpson CD, Gill CG.
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The objective of this study was to use membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS), implemented on a mobile platform, in order to provide real-time, fine-scale, temporally and spatially resolved measurements of several hazardous air pollutants. This work is important because there is now substant
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Vapor-phase hydrothermal synthesis of rutile TiO2 nanostructured film with exposed pyramid-shaped (111) surface and superiorly photoelectrocatalytic performance.

Chen J1, Zhang H2, Liu P2, Wang Y2, Liu X2, Li G3, An T4, Zhao H5.
Journal of colloid and interface science.J Colloid Interface Sci.2014 Sep 1;429:53-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.05.012. Epub 2014 May 22.
Rutile TiO2 nanostructured film with exposed pyramid-shaped (111) surface was successfully fabricated using metal titanium foil as substrate through a facile vapor-phase hydrothermal method. The fabricated rutile TiO2 film was composed of vertically aligned rod-like structures with diameters ranged
PMID 24935189

Japanese Journal

Selective Growth of GaN Rods on the Apex of GaN Pyramids by Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy

Yun Wy Il,Lee Hyo Jong,Shin Kee Sam,Park Jung Sik,Yu Young Moon,Lee Jeung Woo,Lee Gang Suok,Ahn Hyung Soo,Yang Min
Jpn J Appl Phys 52(1), 01AF02-01AF02-3, 2013-01-25
… SiO2 near the apex of the hexagonal GaN pyramids was removed by an optimized photolithography process and subsequently subjected to Au deposition and selective growth of GaN rods by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). … We found that the GaN rods could be formed not by vapor--liquid--solid (VLS) process but Ga--Au intermediate state. …
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Analysis of Dislocations Generated during Metal--Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy of GaN on Patterned Templates

Suihkonen Sami,Ali Muhammad,Törmä Pekka T.,Sintonen Sakari,Svensk Olli,Sopanen Markku,Lipsanen Harri,Nevedomsky Vladimir N.,Bert Nikolay A.
Jpn J Appl Phys 52(1), 01AF01-01AF01-3, 2013-01-25
… We report on patterning and subsequent metal--organic vapor phase epitaxy overgrowth of GaN films on patterned GaN/sapphire templates. …
NAID 150000106324

Development of the Hybrid Conjugated Polymer Solar Cell Based on GaN Quantum Dots

Kim Minji,Shin Min Jeong,Gwon Dongoh,Ahn Hyung Soo,Yi Sam Nyung,Kim Pan Seok,Yoon Sung Cheol,Lee Changjin,Park Jungsik,Shin Keesam,Ha Dong Han,Sawaki Nobuhiko
Jpn J Appl Phys 52(1), 01AD02-01AD02-4, 2013-01-25
… The growth of GaN QDs was achieved by the hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) technique and P3HT film sequentially was coated on the top of QDs. …
NAID 150000106315