WordNet

arrange in phases or stages; "phase a withdrawal"
(physical chemistry) a distinct state of matter in a system; matter that is identical in chemical composition and physical state and separated from other material by the phase boundary; "the reaction occurs in the liquid phase of the system" (同)form
a particular point in the time of a cycle; measured from some arbitrary zero and expressed as an angle (同)phase_angle
any distinct time period in a sequence of events; "we are in a transitional stage in which many former ideas must be revised or rejected" (同)stage
adjust so as to be in a synchronized condition; "he phased the intake with the output of the machine"
(astronomy) the particular appearance of a bodys state of illumination (especially one of the recurring shapes of the part of Earths moon that is illuminated by the sun); "the full phase of the moon"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(変化・発達の)『段階』,『局面』 / (物事の)『面』,様相《+『of』+『名』》 / (月・惑星などの)相 / …‘を'段階的に調整(整理)する

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/07/13 11:57:05」(JST)

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For other uses, see Phasing (disambiguation).

In the compositional technique phasing, the same part (a repetitive phrase) is played on two musical instruments, in steady but not identical tempo. Thus, the two instruments gradually shift out of unison, creating first a slight echo as one instrument plays a little behind the other, then a doubling with each note heard twice, then a complex ringing effect, and eventually coming back through doubling and echo into unison. Phasing is the rhythmic equivalent of cycling through the phase of two waveforms as in phasing. Note that the tempi of the two instruments are almost identical, so that both parts are perceived as being in the same tempo: the changes only separate the parts gradually. In some cases, especially live performance where gradual separation is extremely difficult, phasing is accomplished by periodically inserting an extra note into the phrase of one of the two players playing the same repeated phrase, thus shifting the phase by a single beat at a time, rather than gradually.

The technique was first used in 1959 on The Big Hurt by Miss Toni Fisher.^{[citation needed]}

It was subsequently popularized by composer Steve Reich. In Reich's tape music, where the composer sets off several copies of the same tape loop simultaneously on different machines. Over time, the slight differences in the speed of the different tape machines causes a flanging effect and then rhythmic separation to occur. Examples include Reich's Come Out and It's Gonna Rain. This technique was then extended to acoustic instruments as described in the above paragraph^[vague] and later the change in phase was made immediate, rather than gradual, as in Reich's Clapping Music.

As the cycle unfolds, often other melodies will be created by the differing instances of the original phrase being played together. As in Steve Reich's Violin Phase, the composer will sometimes have an additional instrument or live performer with the tape who playing these secondary, extracted melodies to accentuate them.^{[citation needed]}

Music writer Kyle Gann has pointed out on later use of phase shifting technique: "Though not widely used in minimalist works per se, it survived as an important archetype in postminimal music (e.g. William Duckworth's The Time Curve Preludes, John Luther Adams's Dream in White on White, Kyle Gann's Time Does Not Exist)." ^[1] Petri Kuljuntausta's Violin Tone Orchestra, Words and When I Am Laid In Earth are all phasing works and composed with the help of digital sampler, or computer, and multitrack technology. His electronic multichannel music for video installation Eight Rooms is based on spatial phasing, where the phase shifted sounds surrounds the listeners and moves around them. Kuljuntausta's phase shifting method is based on Nano Tuning of sounds.^{[citation needed]}

An example of phasing in popular music is "The True Wheel" on Brian Eno's album Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy). Another one is the final track on Sufjan Stevens' Illinoise.

The playing of different repeated phrases in the same tempo but having different metrical lengths (beats in the bar), as in the music of Philip Glass and others, is not phasing but may be considered polymeters.^{[citation needed]}

The effect is similar to that heard when a Shortwave station undergoes fading. As the signal takes multiple paths through the ionosphere, the different time delays cause the signal to exhibit the characteristic phasing sound.

References

^ Minimal Music, Maximal Impact by Kyle Gann

External Links

The Time Curve Preludes streamed for free from Irritable Hedgehog Music

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Performance of methanogenic reactors in temperature phased two-stage anaerobic digestion of swine wastewater.

Kim W, Shin SG, Cho K, Lee C, Hwang S.SourceSchool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea.
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering.J Biosci Bioeng.2012 Dec;114(6):635-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.07.012. Epub 2012 Oct 2.
The present study investigated the shifts in the chemical profiles of a two-phase anaerobic digestion system in methanogenic and acidogenic reactors for the treatment of swine wastewater. Acidogenic and methanogenic digesters were used with overall HRTs ranging from 27 to 6 d. In the optimized ther
PMID 23041140

Correlation-based imaging technique using ultrasonic transmit-receive array for Non-Destructive Evaluation.

Quaegebeur N, Masson P.SourceGAUS, Dept. Mechanical Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1K 2R1. Electronic address: nicolas.quaegebeur@usherbrooke.ca.
Ultrasonics.Ultrasonics.2012 Dec;52(8):1056-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ultras.2012.08.017. Epub 2012 Sep 7.
This paper describes a novel array post-processing method for Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) using phased-array ultrasonic probes. The approach uses the capture and processing of the full matrix of all transmit-receive time-domain signals from a transducer array as in the case of the Total Focusin
PMID 23017439