WordNet

relatively small dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width; "the tenuity of a hair"; "the thinness of a rope" (同)tenuity, slenderness
a consistency of low viscosity; "he disliked the thinness of the soup"
noteworthy scarcity (同)rareness, infrequency
a rarified quality; "the tenuity of the upper atmosphere" (同)tenuity, low_density

PrepTutorEJDIC

希薄,細さ,貧弱
〈U〉珍しさ,珍寄・C〉珍しい人(もの),珍品・（骨董品などの）掘り出し物

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/06 14:51:04」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Underweight is a term describing a human whose body weight is considered too low to be healthy. The definition usually refers to people with a body mass index (BMI) of under 18.5^[1] or a weight 15% to 20% below that normal for their age and height group.^[2]

Causes

A person may be underweight due to genetics,^[3]^[4] metabolism, lack of food (frequently due to poverty), or illness.

Being underweight is associated with certain medical conditions, including hyperthyroidism,^[5] cancer,^[6] or tuberculosis.^[7] People with gastrointestinal or liver problems may be unable to absorb nutrients adequately. People with anorexia nervosa become underweight due to self-starvation (often accompanied by excessive exercise).

Problems

Underweight might be secondary to or symptomatic of an underlying disease. Unexplained weight loss may require professional medical diagnosis.

Underweight can also be a primary causative condition. Severely underweight individuals may have poor physical stamina and a weak immune system, leaving them open to infection. According to Robert E. Black of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, "Underweight status ... and micronutrient deficiencies also cause decreases in immune and non-immune host defenses, and should be classified as underlying causes of death if followed by infectious diseases that are the terminal associated causes."^[8] People who are malnutrative underweight raise special concerns, as not only gross caloric intake may be inadequate, but also intake and absorption of other vital nutrients, especially essential amino acids and micro-nutrients such as vitamins and minerals.

In women, being grossly underweight can result in amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), infertility and possible complications during pregnancy. It can also cause anemia and hair loss.

Being underweight is an established^[9] risk factor for osteoporosis, even for young people. This is a particularly insidious consequence, because the affected persons do not notice the danger.^[10]^[11] After the occurrence of first spontaneous fractures the damage is often already irreversible.

Although being underweight has been reported to increase mortality at rates comparable to that seen in morbidly obese people,^[12] the effect is much less drastic when restricted to non-smokers with no history of disease,^[13] suggesting that smoking and disease-related weight loss are the leading causes of the observed effect.

Treatment

Diet

Underweight individuals may be advised to gain weight by increasing calorie intake. This can be done by eating calorie-dense foods, such as dried fruits, cheese, and nuts.^[14] Body weight may also be increased through the consumption of liquid nutritional supplements, such as Ensure and Boost.^[15] Other nutritional supplements may be recommended for individuals with insufficient vitamin or mineral intake.^[16]^[17]

Exercise

Another way for underweight people to gain weight is by exercising. Muscle hypertrophy increases body mass. Weight lifting exercises are effective in helping to improve muscle tone as well as helping with weight gain.^[18] Weight lifting has also been shown to improve bone mineral density,^[19] for which underweight people have an increased risk of deficiency.^[20]

Exercise itself is catabolic, which results in a brief reduction in mass. The gain in weight that can result of it comes from the anabolic overcompensation when the body recovers and overcompensates via muscle hypertrophy. This can happen by an increase in the muscle proteins, or through enhanced storage of glycogen in muscles. Exercise can help stimulate a person's appetite if they are not inclined to eat.

Appetite stimulants

Certain drugs may increase appetite either as their primary effect or as a side effect. Antidepressants, such as mirtazapine or amitriptyline, and antipsychotics, particularly chlorpromazine and haloperidol as well as tetrahydrocannabinol (found in cannabis), all present an increase in appetite as a side effect. In states where it is approved, medicinal marijuana may be prescribed for severe appetite loss, such as that caused by cancer, AIDS, or severe levels of persistent anxiety. Other drugs which may increase appetite include certain benzodiazepines (such as diazepam), sedating antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine, promethazine or cyproheptadine^[21]), or B vitamin supplements.

References

^ "Calculate Your Body Mass Index". National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
^ Mahan, L. Kathleen (2000). Krause's Food, Nutrition & Diet Therapy, 10th Ed. Philadelphia: W,B. Saunders Co.
^ "Body Shape 'Is Down to Genes'". Indian Express. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
^ "'Skinny Gene' Exists". Science Daily. September 5, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
^ Milas, Kresimira. "Hyperthyroidism Symptoms - Signs and symptoms caused by excessive amounts of thyroid hormones". Endocrine Web. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ "Signs and Symptoms of Cancer". American Cancer Society. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ Hira, S. K.; H. L. Dupont, D. N. Lanjewar, Y. N. Dholakia (1998). "Severe weight loss: the predominant clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection in India.". National Medical Journal of India 11 (6): 256–258. PMID 10083790. Retrieved 24 September 2012. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Black, Robert E.; Morris, Saul S.; Bryce, Jennifer (28 June 2003), "Where and Why are 10 Million Children Dying Every Year?", The Lancet 361: 2226–34, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13779-8, PMID 12842379 |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ Gjesdal; Halse, JI; Eide, GE; Brun, JG; Tell, GS (2008). "Impact of lean mass and fat mass on bone mineral density: the Hordaland Health Study". Maturitas 59 (2): 191–200. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2007.11.002. PMID 18221845.
^ Nattiv; Agostini, R; Drinkwater, B; Yeager, KK (1994). "The female athlete triad. The inter-relatedness of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis". Clinics in sports medicine 13 (2): 405–18. PMID 8013041.
^ Wilson; Wolman, RL (1994). "Osteoporosis and fracture complications in an amenorrhoeic athlete". British journal of rheumatology 33 (5): 480–1. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/33.5.480. PMID 8173855.
^ Waaler HT. (1984). "Height, weight and mortality. The Norwegian experience". Acta Med Scand Suppl 215 (679): 1–56. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1984.tb12901.x. PMID 6585126.
^ Body Weight and Mortality:What is the optimum weight for a longer life?.
^ Zeratsky, Katherine (23 August 2011). "Underweight? See how to add pounds healthfully". Nutrition and healthy eating. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ "Healthy Weight Gain". Children's Hospital Boston, Center for Young Women's Health. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
^ "Gain Weight and Be Healthy". About.com. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
^ "Achieving Healthy Weight Gain". Health Central. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
^ "Men's Health". Men's Health. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
^ Gleeson, Peggy; Elizabeth J. Protas, Adrian D. Leblanc, Victor S. Schneider, Harlan J. Evans (February 1990). "Effects of weight lifting on bone mineral density in premenopausal women". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 5 (2): 153–158. doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650050208. Retrieved 23 September 2012. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Coin, A.; G. Sergi, P. Benincà, L. Lupoli, G. Cinti, L. Ferrara, G. Benedetti, G. Tomasi, C. Pisent and G. Enzi (2000). "Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition in Underweight and Normal Elderly Subjects". Osteoporosis International 11 (12). doi:10.1007/s001980070026. Retrieved 23 September 2012. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Long-term trial of cyproheptadine as an appetite stimulant in cystic fibrosis | Wiley Online Library

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 婦人科腹腔鏡下手術の概要および非経臍帯的進入 overview of gynecologic laparoscopic surgery and non umbilical entry sites
2. 成人における神経性無食欲症：認知行動療法（CBT） anorexia nervosa in adults cognitive behavioral therapy cbt
3. 成人における神経性大食症：認知行動療法（CBT） bulimia nervosa in adults cognitive behavioral therapy cbt
4. 思春期における希発月経の評価 evaluation of oligomenorrhea in adolescence
5. 成人における神経性食思不振症：合併症の評価およびこれらの合併症管理のための入院基準 anorexia nervosa in adults evaluation for medical complications and criteria for hospitalization to manage these complications

English Journal

The role of early visual input in the development of contour interpolation: the case of subjective contours.

Hadad BS1, Maurer D2, Lewis TL2.
Developmental science.Dev Sci.2016 Jan 6. doi: 10.1111/desc.12379. [Epub ahead of print]
We tested the effect of early monocular and binocular deprivation of normal visual input on the development of contour interpolation. Patients deprived from birth by dense central cataracts in one or both eyes, and age-matched controls, discriminated between fat and thin shapes formed by either illu
PMID 26743221

The relationship between mothers' thin-ideal and children's drive for thinness: A survey of Japanese early adolescents and their mothers.

Yamazaki Y1, Omori M2.
Journal of health psychology.J Health Psychol.2016 Jan;21(1):100-11. doi: 10.1177/1359105314522676. Epub 2014 Mar 6.
We examined the association of mothers' thin-ideal internalization and children's drive for thinness. Early adolescents (175 girls and 198 boys) completed a questionnaire to assess their drive for thinness and perceptions of mothers' attitudes and behaviors related to body shape. The questionnaire f
PMID 24607924

Central and peripheral defects in motor units of the diaphragm of spinal muscular atrophy mice.

Neve A1, Trüb J2, Saxena S2, Schümperli D3.
Molecular and cellular neurosciences.Mol Cell Neurosci.2016 Jan;70:30-41. doi: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.11.007. Epub 2015 Nov 24.
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is characterized by motoneuron loss and muscle weakness. However, the structural and functional deficits that lead to the impairment of the neuromuscular system remain poorly defined. By electron microscopy, we previously found that neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and mu
PMID 26621405

APOH interacts with FTO to predispose to healthy thinness.

Hasstedt SJ1, Coon H2, Xin Y3, Adams TD3, Hunt SC3,4.
Human genetics.Hum Genet.2015 Dec 28. [Epub ahead of print]
We identified eight candidate thinness predisposition variants from the Illumina HumanExome chip genotyped on members of pedigrees selected for either healthy thinness or severe obesity. For validation, we tested the candidates for association with healthy thinness in additional pedigree members whi
PMID 26711810

Japanese Journal

ネパール山間地方(Dithal村)における摂取栄養と健康状態の解析

野村秀明,柳田潤一郎,上野理恵 [他],井村聡子,小野一男,酒井ひろ子,木村憲司,Shiba Kumar RAI,
神戸常盤大学紀要 (8), 77-84, 2015-03-31
【目的】世界辺境地区の一つであるネパール山間地方の住民の摂取栄養と健康状態について解析した。【方法】神戸常盤大学を中心に共同調査プロジェクト(JICA 草の根事業)を編成し、ネパールデタール村でのフィールドワークを行った。住民208名(年齢5〜82歳、男女比82:126)の健康調査を施行し、身体計測とBIA法を用いた体構成成分測定、および血液検査(TP、Albumin、GPT、BUN、Ca)を行っ …
NAID 110009887938

児童生徒における客観的体型と主観的体型評価の『ずれ』に関する検討

伊藤由紀,篠田邦彦
発育発達研究 (66), 52-62, 2015-03
NAID 40020454429

講義録:摂食障害と母娘関係

生野照子
女性学評論 29, 1-22, 2015-03
… I explained how eating disorders work as a psychological defense,with regard to the peace of mind that food provides, a sense of accomplishment that thinness brings,thinness as a false front, the denial of maturity and femininity, controlling others, and so forth. …
NAID 110009905058