WordNet

relatively thin in consistency or low in density; not viscous; "air is thin at high altitudes"; "a thin soup"; "skimmed milk is much thinner than whole milk"; "thin oil"
lacking excess flesh; "you cant be too rich or too thin"; "Yon Cassius has a lean and hungry look"-Shakespeare (同)lean
(of sound) lacking resonance or volume; "a thin feeble cry"
lacking spirit or sincere effort; "a thin smile"
lose thickness; become thin or thinner
make thin or thinner; "Thin the solution"
of relatively small extent from one surface to the opposite or in cross section; "thin wire"; "a thin chiffon blouse"; "a thin book"; "a thin layer of paint"
relatively small dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width; "the tenuity of a hair"; "the thinness of a rope" (同)tenuity, slenderness
a consistency of low viscosity; "he disliked the thinness of the soup"

PrepTutorEJDIC

重量不足の / 標準以下の重量
『薄い』 / 細い / 『やせた』,やつれた / (液体・気体が)『薄い』,希薄な / まばらな,密集していない / 内容のない,見え透いた / (音・声が)『か細い』 / 薄く,細く,まばらに / …‘を'薄くする,細くする,まばらにする / 薄くなる,細くなる,まばらになる
希薄,細さ,貧弱

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/07 17:45:19」(JST)

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Underweight is a term describing a person whose body weight is considered too low to be healthy. The definition usually refers to people with a body mass index (BMI) of under 18.5^[1] or a weight 15% to 20% below that normal for their age and height group.^[2]

Causes

A person may be underweight due to genetics,^[3]^[4] metabolism, lack of food (frequently due to poverty), or illness.

Being underweight is associated with certain medical conditions, including hyperthyroidism,^[5] cancer,^[6] or tuberculosis.^[7] People with gastrointestinal or liver problems may be unable to absorb nutrients adequately. People with certain eating disorders can also be underweight due to lack of nutrients/over exercise.

Problems

Underweight might be secondary to or symptomatic of an underlying disease. Unexplained weight loss may require professional medical diagnosis.

Underweight can also be a primary causative condition. Severely underweight individuals may have poor physical stamina and a weak immune system, leaving them open to infection. According to Robert E. Black of the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, "Underweight status ... and micronutrient deficiencies also cause decreases in immune and non-immune host defenses, and should be classified as underlying causes of death if followed by infectious diseases that are the terminal associated causes."^[8] People who are malnutrative underweight raise special concerns, as not only gross caloric intake may be inadequate, but also intake and absorption of other vital nutrients, especially essential amino acids and micro-nutrients such as vitamins and minerals.

In women, being grossly underweight can result in amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), infertility and possible complications during pregnancy. It can also cause anemia and hair loss.

Being underweight is an established^[9] risk factor for osteoporosis, even for young people. This is a particularly insidious consequence, because the affected persons do not notice the danger.^[10]^[11] After the occurrence of first spontaneous fractures the damage is often already irreversible.

Although being underweight has been reported to increase mortality at rates comparable to that seen in morbidly obese people,^[12] the effect is much less drastic when restricted to non-smokers with no history of disease,^[13] suggesting that smoking and disease-related weight loss are the leading causes of the observed effect.

Treatment

Diet

Underweight individual may be advised to gain weight by increasing calorie intake. This can be done by eating calorie-dense foods, such as dried fruits, cheese, and nuts.^[14] Body weight may also be increased through the consumption of liquid nutritional supplements, such as Ensure and Boost.^[15] Other nutritional supplements may be recommended for individuals with insufficient vitamin or mineral intake.^[16]^[17]

Exercise

Another way for underweight people to gain weight is by exercising. Muscle hypertrophy increases body mass. Weight lifting exercises are effective in helping to improve muscle tone as well as helping with weight gain.^[18] Weight lifting has also been shown to improve bone mineral density,^[19] for which underweight people have an increased risk of deficiency.^[20]

Exercise itself is catabolic, which results in a brief reduction in mass. The gain in weight that can result of it comes from the anabolic overcompensation when the body recovers and overcompensates via muscle hypertrophy. This can happen by an increase in the muscle proteins, or through enhanced storage of glycogen in muscles. Exercise can help stimulate a person's appetite if they are not inclined to eat.

Appetite stimulants

Certain drugs may increase appetite either as their primary effect or as a side effect. Antidepressants, such as mirtazapine or amitriptyline, and antipsychotics, particularly chlorpromazine and haloperidol as well as tetrahydrocannabinol (found in cannabis), all present an increase in appetite as a side effect. In states where it is approved, medicinal cannabis may be prescribed for severe appetite loss, such as that caused by cancer, AIDS, or severe levels of persistent anxiety. Other drugs which may increase appetite include certain benzodiazepines (such as diazepam), sedating antihistamines (such as diphenhydramine, promethazine or cyproheptadine^[21]), or B vitamin supplements.

References

^ "Assessing Your Weight and Health Risk". National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
^ Mahan, L. Kathleen (2000). Krause's Food, Nutrition & Diet Therapy, 10th Ed. Philadelphia: W,B. Saunders Co.
^ "Body Shape 'Is Down to Genes'". Indian Express. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
^ "'Skinny Gene' Exists". Science Daily. September 5, 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
^ Milas, Kresimira. "Hyperthyroidism Symptoms - Signs and symptoms caused by excessive amounts of thyroid hormones". Endocrine Web. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ "Signs and Symptoms of Cancer". American Cancer Society. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ Hira, S. K.; H. L. Dupont; D. N. Lanjewar; Y. N. Dholakia (1998). "Severe weight loss: the predominant clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection in India.". National Medical Journal of India 11 (6): 256–258. PMID 10083790. Retrieved 24 September 2012.
^ Black, Robert E.; Morris, Saul S.; Bryce, Jennifer (28 June 2003), "Where and Why are 10 Million Children Dying Every Year?", The Lancet 361: 2226–34, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13779-8, PMID 12842379 |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ Gjesdal; Halse, JI; Eide, GE; Brun, JG; Tell, GS (2008). "Impact of lean mass and fat mass on bone mineral density: the Hordaland Health Study". Maturitas 59 (2): 191–200. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2007.11.002. PMID 18221845.
^ Nattiv; Agostini, R; Drinkwater, B; Yeager, KK (1994). "The female athlete triad. The inter-relatedness of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis". Clinics in sports medicine 13 (2): 405–18. PMID 8013041.
^ Wilson; Wolman, RL (1994). "Osteoporosis and fracture complications in an amenorrhoeic athlete". British journal of rheumatology 33 (5): 480–1. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/33.5.480. PMID 8173855.
^ Waaler HT. (1984). "Height, weight and mortality. The Norwegian experience". Acta Med Scand Suppl 215 (679): 1–56. doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1984.tb12901.x. PMID 6585126.
^ Body Weight and Mortality:What is the optimum weight for a longer life?.
^ Zeratsky, Katherine (23 August 2011). "Underweight? See how to add pounds healthfully". Nutrition and healthy eating. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ "Healthy Weight Gain". Children's Hospital Boston, Center for Young Women's Health. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
^ "Gain Weight and Be Healthy". About.com. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
^ "Achieving Healthy Weight Gain". Health Central. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
^ "Men's Health". Men's Health. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
^ Gleeson, Peggy; Elizabeth J. Protas; Adrian D. Leblanc; Victor S. Schneider; Harlan J. Evans (February 1990). "Effects of weight lifting on bone mineral density in premenopausal women". Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 5 (2): 153–158. doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650050208. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
^ Coin, A.; G. Sergi, P. Benincà, L. Lupoli, G. Cinti, L. Ferrara, G. Benedetti, G. Tomasi, C. Pisent and G. Enzi (2000). "Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition in Underweight and Normal Elderly Subjects". Osteoporosis International 11 (12). doi:10.1007/s001980070026. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
^ Long-term trial of cyproheptadine as an appetite stimulant in cystic fibrosis | Wiley Online Library

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人および思春期における神経性無食欲症：栄養改善（栄養サポート） anorexia nervosa in adults and adolescents nutritional rehabilitation nutritional support
2. 3歳以上の小児における体重増加不良 poor weight gain in children older than two years of age
3. 成人における抗癌剤の投与 dosing of anticancer agents in adults
4. 2歳未満の小児における成長障害（低栄養）：病因および評価 failure to thrive undernutrition in children younger than two years etiology and evaluation
5. 意図しない体重減少がみられる患者に対するアプローチ approach to the patient with unintentional weight loss

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