WordNet

come into the company of; "She joined him for a drink"
cause to become joined or linked; "join these two parts so that they fit together" (同)bring together
make contact or come together; "The two roads join here" (同)conjoin
become part of; become a member of a group or organization; "He joined the Communist Party as a young man" (同)fall_in, get together
united or combined; "a joint session of Congress"; "joint owners"
marijuana leaves rolled into a cigarette for smoking (同)marijuana cigarette, reefer, stick, spliff
a disreputable place of entertainment
junction by which parts or objects are joined together
(anatomy) the point of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton (especially if it allows motion) (同)articulation, articulatio
provide with a joint; "the carpenter jointed two pieces of wood" (同)articulate
affecting or involving two or more; "joint income-tax return"; "joint ownership"
fasten with a joint
fit as if by joints; "The boards fit neatly"
involving both houses of a legislature; "a joint session of Congress"
separate (meat) at the joint
the act of bringing two things into contact (especially for communication); "the joining of hands around the table"; "there was a connection via the internet" (同)connection, connexion
having joints or jointed segments;

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〈二つ以上のもの〉‘を'『つなぐ』,結合する《+『名』+『together』(『up』)》;(…に)…‘を'つなぐ《+『名』+『to』(『onto』)+『名』》 / (線などで)〈二つ以上のもの〉‘の'間を結ぶ(つなぐ)《+『名』+『by』(『with』)+『名』》 / (友情・結婚などで)〈人〉‘を'結びつける《+『名』+『in』+『名』》 / 〈川・道などが〉…‘と'いっしょになる,合流する / 〈会など〉‘に'『加入する』 / (…で)〈人〉‘の'『仲間に入る』,‘と'いっしょになる《+『名』〈人〉+『in』(『for』)+『名』,+『名』〈人〉+『in』do『ing』》 / (…に)『加わる』《+『in』+『名』〈事〉/+『in』『with』+『名』〈人〉》 / (人と…を)『ともにする』《+『with』+『名』〈人〉+『in』+『名』(doing)》 / 〈川・道などが〉『いっしょになる』,合流する / 接合箇所(点,面,線);継ぎ目
『関節』 / 『継ぎ目』,接合箇所,合わせ目 / 継ぎ目と継ぎ目の間の部分,節 / (二つの部分を継いだり支えたりするのに用いる)継ぎ手,ジョイント / (枝や葉の)つけ根,節 / (骨付きの)肉の大切り身 / 《俗》安酒場,とばく宿,アヘン窟(くつ) / 『共同の』,共有の;連帯の,連合の / 両院合同の;二院制議会の両院の / …‘を'継ぎ合わせる;…‘を'継ぎ目(関節)でつなぐ / …‘を'継ぎ目で分ける;〈鳥・肉など〉‘を'関節で切り分ける
継ぎ目のある;関節のある

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/01 18:31:15」(JST)

wiki en

The ankle, or the talocrural region,^[1] is the region where the foot and the leg meet.^[2] The ankle includes three joints: the ankle joint proper or talocrural joint, the subtalar joint, and the Inferior tibiofibular joint.^[3]^[4]^[5] The movements produced at this joint are dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot. In common usage, the term ankle refers exclusively to the ankle region. In medical terminology, "ankle" (without qualifiers) can refer broadly to the region or specifically to the talocrural joint.^[1]^[6]

The main bones of the ankle region are the talus (in the foot), and the tibia and fibula (in the leg). The talocrural joint is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus.^[7] The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than that between the smaller fibula and the talus.

Structure

Bones

The bony architecture of the ankle consists of three bones: the tibia, the fibula, and the talus. The articular surface of the tibia is referred to as the plafond. The medial malleolus is a bony process extending distally off the medial tibia. The distal-most aspect of the fibula is called the lateral malleolus. Together, the malleoli, along with their supporting ligaments, stabilize the talus underneath the tibia.

The bony arch formed by the tibial plafond and the two malleoli is referred to as the ankle "mortise" (or talar mortise). The mortise is a rectangular socket.^[1] The ankle is composed of three joints: the talocrural joint (also called talotibial joint, tibiotalar joint, talar mortise, talar joint), the subtalar joint (also called talocalcaneal), and the Inferior tibiofibular joint.^[3]^[4]^[5] The joint surface of all bones in the ankle are covered with articular cartilage.

Ligaments

The ankle joint is bound by the strong deltoid ligament and three lateral ligaments: the anterior talofibular ligament, the posterior talofibular ligament, and the calcaneofibular ligament.

The deltoid ligament supports the medial side of the joint, and is attached at the medial malleolus of the tibia and connect in four places to the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus, calcaneonavicular ligament, the navicular tuberosity, and to the medial surface of the talus.
The anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments support the lateral side of the joint from the lateral malleolus of the fibula to the dorsal and ventral ends of the talus.
The calcaneofibular ligament is attached at the lateral malleolus and to the lateral surface of the calcaneus.

Though it does not span across the ankle joint itself, the syndesmotic ligament makes an important contribution to the stability of the ankle. This ligament spans the syndesmosis, which is the term for the articulation between the medial aspect of the distal fibula and the lateral aspect of the distal tibia. An isolated injury to this ligament is often called a high ankle sprain.

The bony architecture of the ankle joint is most stable in dorsiflexion. Thus, a sprained ankle is more likely to occur when the ankle is plantar-flexed, as ligamentous support is more important in this position. The classic ankle sprain involves the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), which is also the most commonly injured ligament during inversion sprains. Another ligament that can be injured in a severe ankle sprain is the calcaneofibular ligament.

Mechanoreceptors

Mechanoreceptors of the ankle send proprioceptive, sensory input to the central nervous system (CNS).^[8] Muscle spindles are thought to be the main type of mechanoreceptor responsible for proprioceptive attributes from the ankle.^[9] The muscle spindle gives feedback to the CNS system on the current length of the muscle it innervates and to any change in length that occurs.

It was hypothesized that muscle spindle feedback from the ankle dorsiflexors played the most substantial role in proprioception relative to other muscular receptors that cross at the ankle joint. However, due to the multi-planar range of motion at the ankle joint there is not one group of muscles that is responsible for this.^[10] This helps to explain the relationship between the ankle and balance.

In 2011, a relationship between proprioception of the ankle and balance performance was seen at in the CNS. This was done by using a fMRI machine in order to see the changes in brain activity when the receptors of the ankle are stimulated.^[11] This implicates the ankle directly with the ability to balance. Further research is needed in order to see to what extent does the ankle affect balance.

Function

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion through axis in talus.^[1]

Comparative anatomy

Evolution

It has been suggested that dexterous control of toes has been lost in favour of a more precise voluntary control of the ankle joint.^[12]

Clinical relevance

Fractures

Symptoms of an ankle fracture can be similar to those of ankle sprains (pain), though typically they are often more severe by comparison. It is exceedingly rare for the ankle joint to dislocate in the presence of ligamentous injury alone.^{[citation needed]}

The talus is most commonly fractured by two methods. The first is hyperdorsiflexion, where the neck of the talus is forced against the tibia and fractures. The second is jumping from a height - the body is fractured as the talus transmits the force from the foot to the lower limb bones.^[13]

In the setting of an ankle fracture the talus can become unstable and subluxate or dislocate. People may complain of ecchymosis (bruising), or there may be an abnormal position, abnormal motion, or lack of motion. Diagnosis is typically by X-ray. Treatment is either via surgery or casting depending on the fracture types.^{[citation needed]}

History

The word ankle or ancle is common, in various forms, to Germanic languages, probably connected in origin with the Latin angulus, or Greek αγκυλος, meaning bent.^{[citation needed]}

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, A. M. R. (2013). "Lower Limb". Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 508–669. ISBN 978-1-4511-1945-9.
^ WebMD (2009). "ankle". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-544-18897-6.
^ ^a ^b Milner, Brent K. (1999). "Musculoskeletal Imaging". In Gay, Spencer B.; Woodcock, Richard J. Radiology Recall. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 258–383. ISBN 978-0-683-30663-7.
^ ^a ^b Williams, D. S. Blaise; Taunton, Jack (2007). "Foot, ankle and lower leg". In Kolt, Gregory S.; Snyder-Mackler, Lynn. Physical Therapies in Sport and Exercise. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 420–39. ISBN 978-0-443-10351-3.
^ ^a ^b del Castillo, Jorge (2012). "Foot and Ankle Injuries". In Adams, James G. Emergency Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 3124–66. ISBN 978-1-4557-3394-1.
^ Gray, Henry (1918). "Talocrural Articulation or Ankle-joint". Anatomy of the Human Body.
^ WebMD (2009). "ankle joint". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-544-18897-6.
^ Michelson, J. D.; Hutchins, C (1995). "Mechanoreceptors in human ankle ligaments". The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume 77 (2): 219–24. PMID 7706334.
^ Lephart, S. M.; Pincivero, D. M.; Rozzi, S. L. (1998). "Proprioception of the ankle and knee". Sports medicine 25 (3): 149–55. PMID 9554026.
^ Ribot-Ciscar, E; Bergenheim, M; Albert, F; Roll, J. P. (2003). "Proprioceptive population coding of limb position in humans". Experimental brain research 149 (4): 512–9. doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1384-x (inactive 2015-05-21). PMID 12677332.
^ Goble, D. J.; Coxon, J. P.; Van Impe, A.; Geurts, M.; Doumas, M.; Wenderoth, N.; Swinnen, S. P. (2011). "Brain Activity during Ankle Proprioceptive Stimulation Predicts Balance Performance in Young and Older Adults". Journal of Neuroscience 31 (45): 16344–52. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4159-11.2011. PMID 22072686.
^ Brouwer, B.; Ashby, P. (1992). "Corticospinal projections to lower limb motoneurons in man". Experimental Brain Research 89 (3): 649–54. doi:10.1007/bf00229889. PMID 1644127.
^ http://teachmeanatomy.info/the-ankle-joint/^{[full citation needed]}

References

Anderson, Stephen A.; Calais-Germain, Blandine (1993). Anatomy of Movement. Chicago: Eastland Press. ISBN 0-939616-17-3.
McKinley, Michael P.; Martini, Frederic; Timmons, Michael J. (2000). Human Anatomy. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-010011-0.
Marieb, Elaine Nicpon (2000). Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-4940-5.

Additional Images

Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection
Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection
Ankle joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
Dorsum of Foot. Ankle joint. Deep dissection

External links

"The Ankle". University of Glasgow. 2007. Retrieved March 2010.
Ardizzone, Remy; Valmassy, Ronald L. (October 2005). "How To Diagnose Lateral Ankle Injuries". Podiatry Today. Retrieved March 2010.
Haddad, Steven L. (ed). "Foot & Ankle". Your orthopaedic connection (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons). Archived from the original on 23 March 2010. Retrieved March 2010.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 重度の関節リウマチに対する全関節置換術 total joint replacement for severe rheumatoid arthritis
2. 人工関節感染の疫学および予防 epidemiology and prevention of prosthetic joint infections
3. 関節吸引：ドライタップ joint aspiration the dry tap
4. 人工関節感染の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of prosthetic joint infections
5. 関節過剰可動性症候群 joint hypermobility syndrome

English Journal

Kinematic changes in patients with double arthrodesis of the hindfoot for realignment of planovalgus deformity.

Schuh R, Salzberger F, Wanivenhaus AH, Funovics PT, Windhager R, Trnka HJ.SourceDepartment of Orthopaedics, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria. reinhard.schuh@meduniwien.ac.at.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.J Orthop Res.2013 Apr;31(4):517-24. doi: 10.1002/jor.22269. Epub 2012 Nov 28.
Double fusion (i.e., fusion of the subtalar and talonavicular joint) represents a modification of triple arthrodesis preserving integrity of the calcaneocuboidal joint. Our aims were (1) to evaluate dynamic plantar pressure distribution in patients undergoing double arthrodesis, (2) to obtain a comp
PMID 23192937

Silencing the expression of connexin 43 decreases inflammation and joint destruction in experimental arthritis.

Tsuchida S, Arai Y, Kishida T, Takahashi KA, Honjo K, Terauchi R, Inoue H, Oda R, Mazda O, Kubo T.SourceDepartment of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.J Orthop Res.2013 Apr;31(4):525-30. doi: 10.1002/jor.22263. Epub 2012 Nov 19.
The objective of the present study was to determine whether the expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) effected on inflammatory conditions in rat fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and on rat model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The expression of Cx43 in rat FLS stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was
PMID 23165424

Eighteen-year follow-up after rotationplasty for a grade IIIC open fracture of the distal femur.

Petri M, Omar M, Horstmann H, Brand S, Krettek C.SourceTrauma Department, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany, petri.maximilian@mh-hannover.de.
Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg.2013 Mar;133(3):351-5. doi: 10.1007/s00402-012-1671-8. Epub 2012 Dec 25.
We report the 18-year follow-up of a patient who underwent rotationplasty for severe bone loss and infection after an grade IIIC open fracture of the distal femur. The patient is now 49 years old and fully satisfied with his life. During the follow-up period, he has never had significant physical
PMID 23266823

Japanese Journal

荷重位および非荷重位での足関節底屈運動における距腿関節, 距踵関節の3次元動態の比較

山口智志,BANKS Scott A.,佐粧孝久,高橋和久,加藤英幸
日本足の外科学会雑誌 = The journal of the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot 30(2), 28-31, 2009-05-31
NAID 10029404477

908 MR画像を用いた距腿関節の接触領域評価(J04-2 臨床医歯学における非・低侵襲計測技術の展開(2) MRIおよびX線応用計測,ジョイントセッション,21世紀地球環境革命の機械工学:人・マイクロナノ・エネルギー・環境)

野田口洋成,吉田秀義,田邊裕治,小林公一,坂本信
年次大会講演論文集 : JSME annual meeting 2008(6), 141-142, 2008-08-02
… The purpose of this study is to evaluate contact characteristics of talocrural joint using MRI which enables us to observe contact situation of the joint in vivo. …
NAID 110007659273

406 MR画像を用いたヒト距腿関節の接触領域解析(OS7-2:関節のバイオメカニクス(2),OS7:関節のバイオメカニクス)

桐生芳彦,野田口洋成,吉田秀義,田邊裕治,小林公一,坂本信
バイオエンジニアリング講演会講演論文集 2007(20), 133-134, 2008-01-24
NAID 110007085199

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「距腿関節」
関連記事	「join」「joint」

「距腿関節」

Ankle
	Lateral view of the human ankle
Details
Latin	tarsus
Identifiers
Gray's	p.349
MeSH	A02.835.583.378.062
Dorlands; /Elsevier	a_64/12161605
TA	A01.1.00.041
FMA	9665
	Anatomical terminology

　　[★]

英: talocrural joint
ラ: articulatio talocruralis
同: 足関節
関: 足関節の運動に関与する筋

「join」

　　[★]

v.

連結する、結合する、参加する

関: associate、attend、bind、binding、bond、bonding、catenate、combine、concatenation、conjoin、conjugate、conjugation、conjunction、connect、connection、couple、dock、engage、engagement、juncture、ligate、ligation、link、linkage、participation、symphysial、union

PHP

implode() のエイリアス

「joint」

　　[★]

n.

関節

[Moore.2C_Dalley_.26_Agur_2013_Lower_Limb-1] Moore, Keith L.; Dalley, Arthur F.; Agur, A. M. R. (2013). "Lower Limb". Clinically Oriented Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 508–669. ISBN 978-1-4511-1945-9.

[2] WebMD (2009). "ankle". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-544-18897-6.

[Milner_1999-3] Milner, Brent K. (1999). "Musculoskeletal Imaging". In Gay, Spencer B.; Woodcock, Richard J. Radiology Recall. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 258–383. ISBN 978-0-683-30663-7.

[Williams_.26_Taunton_2007-4] Williams, D. S. Blaise; Taunton, Jack (2007). "Foot, ankle and lower leg". In Kolt, Gregory S.; Snyder-Mackler, Lynn. Physical Therapies in Sport and Exercise. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 420–39. ISBN 978-0-443-10351-3.

[del_Castillo_2012_Foot_and_Ankle_Injuries-5] Castillo, Jorge (2012). "Foot and Ankle Injuries". In Adams, James G. Emergency Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 3124–66. ISBN 978-1-4557-3394-1.

[6] Gray, Henry (1918). "Talocrural Articulation or Ankle-joint". Anatomy of the Human Body.

[7] WebMD (2009). "ankle joint". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-544-18897-6.

[8] Michelson, J. D.; Hutchins, C (1995). "Mechanoreceptors in human ankle ligaments". The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume 77 (2): 219–24. PMID 7706334.

[9] Lephart, S. M.; Pincivero, D. M.; Rozzi, S. L. (1998). "Proprioception of the ankle and knee". Sports medicine 25 (3): 149–55. PMID 9554026.

[10] Ribot-Ciscar, E; Bergenheim, M; Albert, F; Roll, J. P. (2003). "Proprioceptive population coding of limb position in humans". Experimental brain research 149 (4): 512–9. doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1384-x (inactive 2015-05-21). PMID 12677332.

[11] Goble, D. J.; Coxon, J. P.; Van Impe, A.; Geurts, M.; Doumas, M.; Wenderoth, N.; Swinnen, S. P. (2011). "Brain Activity during Ankle Proprioceptive Stimulation Predicts Balance Performance in Young and Older Adults". Journal of Neuroscience 31 (45): 16344–52. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4159-11.2011. PMID 22072686.

[12] Brouwer, B.; Ashby, P. (1992). "Corticospinal projections to lower limb motoneurons in man". Experimental Brain Research 89 (3): 649–54. doi:10.1007/bf00229889. PMID 1644127.

[13] ttp://teachmeanatomy.info/the-ankle-joint/^{[full citation needed]}

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案内

talocrural joint