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Tachypnea or tachypnoea (Greek for "rapid breathing") is abnormally rapid breathing.

In adult humans at rest, any rate between 12 and 20 breaths per minute is normal and tachypnea is indicated by a ventilatory rate greater than 20 breaths per minute.^[1] Children have significantly higher resting ventilatory rates, which decline rapidly during the first three years of life and then steadily until around 18 years. Tachypnea can be an early medical sign of pneumonia in children.

Distinction from other breathing terms

Different sources produce different classifications for breathing terms.

Some describe tachypnea as any rapid breathing. Hyperventilation is then described as increased ventilation of the alveoli (which can occur through increased rate or depth of breathing, or both) where there is a smaller rise in metabolic carbon dioxide relative to this increase in ventilation. Hyperpnea, on the other hand, is defined as breathing more rapid and deep than breathing at rest.^[2]

Others give another classification: tachypnea is as any rapid breathing, hyperventilation is increased rate of breathing at rest, hyperpnea is an increase in breathing that is appropriately proportional to an increase in metabolic rate.^[3]

A third paradigm is: tachypnea is abnormally rapid respiration (though some may argue this is inaccurate as breathing differs from respiration), hyperventilation is increased rate or depth of respiration to abnormal levels causing decreased levels of blood carbon dioxide and hyperpnea is any increase in breathing rate or depth that is not normal.^[4]

Causes

Tachypnea may have physiological or pathological causes. Both of these categories would include large lists of individual causes. For example, physiological causes of tachypnea include exercise and labor during pregnancy. Amongst pathophysiological causes, tachypnea can be a symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning in which oxygen delivery to the tissues and organs is blocked causing hypoxia and direct cellular injury.

References

^ "tachypnea" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Stedman's medical dictionary 28th ed. (2006)
^ Martin, Elizabeth A (ed.) (2003). Oxford concise medical dictionary (6th ed. w. corrections & new cover) Oxford University Press. pp. 333–4. ISBN 0-19-860753-9
^ Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 新生児の一過性頻呼吸 transient tachypnea of the newborn
2. 過換気症候群 hyperventilation syndrome
3. 救急外来における呼吸困難の成人の評価 evaluation of the adult with dyspnea in the emergency department
4. 小児における急性呼吸困難の緊急評価 emergent evaluation of acute respiratory compromise in children
5. 新生児呼吸促迫の概要：移行の障害 overview of neonatal respiratory distress disorders of transition

English Journal

[Neonatal hyperthyroidism: a case report and literature review].

Li N, Li XH, Yao YM.SourceNeonatal Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China. E-mail: mean163@163.com.
Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University.Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao.2013 Oct 20;33(10):1557-insidebackcover.
OBJECTIV: We report a case of neonatal thyrotoxicosis with concurrent respiratory failure in an infant born to a mother with Graves' disease and review the published literature describing neonatal hyperthyroidism. The male infant who was born by spontaneous delivery at 35 weeks of gestational age pr
PMID 24144770

Lung ultrasonography for the diagnosis of neonatal lung disease.

Liu J.SourceDepartment of Neonatology & NICU of Bayi Children's Hospital, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command , Beijing , China.
The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians.J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.2013 Oct 17. [Epub ahead of print]
Abstract Ultrasound has recently become an important method for diagnostic examination and monitoring of lung disease. Many lung diseases, such as respiratory distress syndrome, transient tachypnea of the newborn, pneumonia, atelectasis and pneumothorax were diagnosed by chest X-ray or CT scan in th
PMID 24028601

Congenital Peribronchial Myofibroblastic Tumour with Features of Maturation in the Older Infant: Report of Two Cases with Literature Review.

Chang C, Hung LY, Thanh TT, Lai CH, Chang KC.SourceDepartment of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
Histopathology.Histopathology.2013 Oct 3. doi: 10.1111/his.12303. [Epub ahead of print]
Congenital peribronchial myofibroblastic tumour (CPMT) is a rare neoplasm, with only 15 cases reported in the literature.1 Herein, we reported 2 cases of CPMT in Vietnamese infants: case 1 was a preterm female at 32.5 weeks gestation; case 2 was a full-term female. Both presented with leukocytosis,
PMID 24117734