WordNet

a minor actor in crowd scenes (同)spear carrier, extra
a person serving no apparent function; "reducing staff is difficult because our employees include no supernumeraries"
more than is needed, desired, or required; "trying to lose excess weight"; "found some extra change lying on the dresser"; "yet another book on heraldry might be thought redundant"; "skills made redundant by technological advance"; "sleeping in the spare room"; "supernumerary ornamentation"; "it was supererogatory of her to gloat"; "delete superfluous (or unnecessary) words"; "extra ribs as well as other supernumerary internal parts"; "surplus cheese distributed to the needy" (同)extra, redundant, spare, supererogatory, superfluous, supernumerary, surplus
immoderation as a consequence of going beyond sufficient or permitted limits (同)excessiveness, inordinateness
a quantity much larger than is needed (同)surplus, surplusage, nimiety
beyond normal limits; "excessive charges"; "a book of inordinate length"; "his dress stops just short of undue elegance"; "unreasonable demands" (同)inordinate, undue, unreasonable
unrestrained, especially with regard to feelings; "extravagant praise"; "exuberant compliments"; "overweening ambition"; "overweening greed" (同)extravagant, exuberant, overweening
to a degree exceeding normal or proper limits; "too big" (同)overly, to a fault, too

PrepTutorEJDIC

定数(員)以上の,余分な(extra);臨時の / 端役の / 定員外の人,過剰物;臨時雇い / (演劇の)端役
〈U〉《時にan~》(…の…に対する)超過《+『of』+『名』+『over』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…の)『不節制』《+『at』+『名,』+『in』 do『ing』》;《複数形で》度を超えた行為,不行跡;暴飲,暴食 / 超過の,余分の
『度を越した』,過度の,極端な
過度に,極端に;非常に
余り,余剰 / 剰余金 / 余った,過剰の
必要以上の,余分な / 不必要な,よけいな

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/22 20:40:54」(JST)

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Anne, Princess Royal, Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Prince Andrew, Duke of York are supernumerary members of the Most Noble Order of the Garter

Supernumerary is an adjective which means "exceeding the usual number". When used as a noun, "supernumerary" means a temporary employee, additional society member, or extra manpower,^[1]^[2] usually in a function which has a temporary contract. Its counterpart, "numerary", is a civil designation for persons who are incorporated in a fixed or permanent way to a society or group, meaning a regular member of the working staff; permanent staff or member.^[3]

The terms supernumerary and "numerary" have long been commonly used in the Spanish and Latin American academy and government; they are now also used in countries all over the world, such as France, Great Britain, Italy, and the US.^{[citation needed]} For example, in the Roman army, supernumerarii were either public officers attendant to several of the Roman magistrates or a kind of soldier who filled the places of those killed or disabled by their wounds, or otherwise brought up the ranks to strength.^{[citation needed]}

The supernumerary role is commonplace in numerous fields. For example, there are supernumerary actors, judges, knights, ladies, military personnel, ministers, police officers, professors, and writers.

Types of supernumeraries

There are many types of supernumeraries, depending on the society where they belong:

Arts and entertainment

supernumerary actors. The term's original use, from the Latin supernumerarius, meant someone paid to appear on stage in crowd scenes or in the case of opera as non-singing small parts. Supernumeraries are usually amateur character artists who train under professional direction to create a believable scene.

Knights and ladies

supernumerary Knights and Ladies. These are members of the British Royal Family and foreign monarchs, who are extra members of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, the world's oldest national order of knighthood.

Military

supernumerary watch-standers are designated substitutes for any of a group of scheduled watch-standers who might be absent due to various causes, such as illness or leave.

Professions

supernumerary accountants.^[4]
supernumerary members of a Council of the Royal Academy of Engineering.^[5]
supernumerary judges or magistrates. These are judges who have retired from their full-time position on a court, but continue to work on a part-time basis. Generally, when a judge becomes supernumerary a vacancy is created, and the appropriate person or body may subsequently make a new appointment to that Court.
Student nurses are classed as supernumerary, as they are only present on placement to shadow their mentor or other staff member, and be supervised when carrying out any clinical practice and shouldn't be classed as making up the numbers in staffing.
supernumerary professors, typically referred to as adjunct faculty.

Religious organizations

supernumerary members of the Catholic prelature Opus Dei. Having the vocation to become a saint by sanctifying their ordinary circumstances and work, they are generally married men or women who live in their own homes and who perform their normal jobs with a strong sense of commitment. They help in the apostolic tasks of the prelature as their circumstances permit. These members are not fully available to work on the apostolic and formational tasks of the prelature.
supernumerary ministers, e.g., in British Methodist churches, these are ministers who have retired and are local preachers.

Science and transportation

In aeronautical context, a flight deck may contain a supernumerary seat. This is a place for someone who hasn't got anything to do with the take off, flying, or landing of the aircraft. Just a place for an extra body to observe.
In maritime context, the supernumeraries were the complement of persons attached to a voyage but having no shipboard responsibilities; for example, the scientists attached to a voyage of scientific exploration, or the merchant during a trade voyage.

Examples of supernumeraries

Thomas Paine, whose writings led to the Declaration of Independence, was a supernumerary officer of the army.

Antonio Pigafetta, the chronicler who provided the most vivid and detailed account of Magellan's circumnavigational voyage, was independently wealthy but enlisted on the voyage as a lowly sobrasaliente or supernumerary.
Thomas Paine, whose work Common Sense became the most widely read work in 18th-century America, and later led to the Declaration of Independence. He worked as a supernumerary officer in 1761.
Charles Darwin was a supernumerary on the second voyage of HMS Beagle (1831–1836), paying his own expenses as a naturalist and companion to the captain.
Henri d'Orléans, duc d'Aumale - The act of exception passed in 1883 deprived all members of families that had reigned in France of their military positions; consequently, the duc d'Aumale was placed on the unemployed supernumerary list.
Aubrey Herbert, M.P. (1880- September 26, 1923), was a British diplomat, traveller, and intelligence officer, associated with Albanian independence - served in a supernumerary position for the Irish Guards.
A. C. Grayling MA, DPhil (Oxon), FRSA (born 3 April 1949) is a British philosopher and author. He is the founder and first Master of New College of the Humanities and a supernumerary fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford.
Conway Walter Heath Pulford, Air Vice Marshal - supernumerary, HQ Coastal Area in 1925 August 17
Constantin Floros (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Φλόρος) is a Greek musicologist. In 1967 he became supernumerary professor, in 1972 professor of musicology, and in 1995 professor emeritus at the University of Hamburg.
Nick Middleton is a physical geographer and supernumerary fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford. He specialises in desertification.
Moshe Dayan, Israeli general and defense minister, was a uniformed member of the British Supernumerary Police during the Emergency of 1936-1938.
Jay Zeamer, Jr., awarded the Medal of Honor in 1943, was a supernumerary of the 43rd Bombardment Group (Heavy), a group that flew the four-engined B-17 Flying Fortress.

Lee Kuan Yew was supernumerary minister as Minister Mentor in Singapore
Guillermo Meneses, winner of the National Prize for Literature was supernumerary writer of the Ministry of Outer Relations and at that time was named first secretary of the Embassy of Venezuela in Brussels (1953-1957) and soon with the same position in the Embassy of Venezuela in Paris (1957-1959).
Lee Kuan Yew was a supernumerary minister, appointed as Minister Mentor for the cabinet ministers of Singapore.^[6]
Ruth Kelly, former British Secretary of State for Transport, is a supernumerary member of the Opus Dei prelature. She belongs to the Labour Party, a centre-left political grouping.
Anne, Princess Royal, Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex and Prince Andrew, Duke of York are supernumerary members of the Most Noble Order of the Garter.

In popular culture

In Mad Men, Roger Sterling's second wife, Jane, fixes up Don Draper with an unemployed actress who works as a supernumerary, named Bethany Van Nuys.

References

^ Short lexicon of employee relations
^ Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary
^ Ability Plus - Training Scheme for People with Disabilities
^ Museo Lázaro Galdiano - Ficha de Inventario - Un contador supernumerario del Ministerio de Marina
^ Excmo. Sr. D. Eugenio Andrés Puente, Curriculum Vitae
^ Channel Asia News

External links

Oxford Dictionaries's definition of supernumerary

Notes

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