speech disorder

• 発話障害、会話障害

関

aprosodia、dyslalia、lalopathy

WordNet

1. bring disorder to (同)disarray
2. a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; "the doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder"; "everyone gets stomach upsets from time to time" (同)upset
3. a disturbance of the peace or of public order
4. (language) communication by word of mouth; "his speech was garbled"; "he uttered harsh language"; "he recorded the spoken language of the streets" (同)speech communication, spoken communication, spoken_language, language, voice communication, oral communication
5. something spoken; "he could hear them uttering merry speeches"
6. the exchange of spoken words; "they were perfectly comfortable together without speech"
7. not arranged in order (同)unordered

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉『無秩序』,混乱,乱雑(confusion) / 《しばしば複数形で》(社会的・政治的な)粉争,騒動 / 〈C〉(肉体的・精神的な)不調,異常,障害 / …‘の'秩序を乱す / 〈心身〉‘に'異常を起こさせる
2. 〈U〉『話す力』,話す能力・〈U〉話すこと,言隆・〈C〉『演説』,話,スピーチ・〈U〉(人の)『話し方』・〈C〉〈U〉(特定の)言語,方言,なまり・〈C〉(役者の)のせりふ・〈U〉話法

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/23 21:18:17」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Main article: Speech and language pathology

Speech disorder/impediment
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	F98.5-F98.6, R47
ICD-9-CM	307.0, 784.5
MeSH	D013064

Speech disorders or speech impediments are a type of communication disorder where 'normal' speech is disrupted. This can mean stuttering, lisps, etc. Someone who is unable to speak due to a speech disorder is considered mute.

Classification

Classifying speech into normal and disordered is more problematic than it first seems. By a strict classification, only 5% to 10% of the population has a completely normal manner of speaking (with respect to all parameters) and healthy voice; all others suffer from one disorder or another.

There are three different levels of classification when determining the magnitude and type of a speech disorder and the proper treatment or therapy:

1. Sounds the patient can produce
   1. Phonemic – can be produced easily; used meaningfully and constructively
   2. Phonetic – produced only upon request; not used consistently, meaningfully, or constructively; not used in connected speech
2. Stimulate sounds
   1. Easily stimulated
   2. Stimulate after demonstration and probing (i.e. with a tongue depressor)
3. Cannot produce the sound
   1. Cannot be produced voluntarily
   2. No production ever observed

Types of disorder

• Apraxia of speech may result from stroke or progressive illness, and involves inconsistent production of speech sounds and rearranging of sounds in a word ("potato" may become "topato" and next "totapo"). Production of words becomes more difficult with effort, but common phrases may sometimes be spoken spontaneously without effort.
• Cluttering, a speech and fluency disorder characterized primarily by a rapid rate of speech, which makes speech difficult to understand.
• Developmental verbal dyspraxia also known as childhood apraxia of speech.
• Dysarthria is a weakness or paralysis of speech muscles caused by damage to the nerves or brain. Dysarthria is often caused by strokes, parkinsons disease, ALS, head or neck injuries, surgical accident, or cerebral palsy.
• Dysprosody is the rarest neurological speech disorder. It is characterized by alterations in intensity, in the timing of utterance segments, and in rhythm, cadence, and intonation of words. The changes to the duration, the fundamental frequency, and the intensity of tonic and atonic syllables of the sentences spoken, deprive an individual's particular speech of its characteristics. The cause of dysprosody is usually associated with neurological pathologies such as brain vascular accidents, cranioencephalic traumatisms, and brain tumors.
• Muteness is complete inability to speak.
• Speech sound disorders involve difficulty in producing specific speech sounds (most often certain consonants, such as /s/ or /r/), and are subdivided into articulation disorders (also called phonetic disorders) and phonemic disorders. Articulation disorders are characterized by difficulty learning to produce sounds physically. Phonemic disorders are characterized by difficulty in learning the sound distinctions of a language, so that one sound may be used in place of many. However, it is not uncommon for a single person to have a mixed speech sound disorder with both phonemic and phonetic components.
• Stuttering affects approximately 1% of the adult population.
• Voice disorders are impairments, often physical, that involve the function of the larynx or vocal resonance.

Causes

In most cases the cause is unknown. However, there are various known causes of speech impediments, such as "hearing loss, neurological disorders, brain injury, intellectual disability, drug abuse, physical impairments such as Cleft lip and palate, and vocal abuse or misuse."

Treatment

Many of these types of disorders can be treated by speech therapy, but others require medical attention by a doctor in phoniatrics. Other treatments include correction of organic conditions and psychotherapy.

In the United States, school-age children with a speech disorder are often placed in special education programs. Children who struggle to learn to talk often experience persistent communication difficulties in addition to academic struggles. More than 700,000 of the students served in the public schools’ special education programs in the 2000-2001 school year were categorized as having a speech or language impediment. This estimate does not include children who have speech and language impairments secondary to other conditions such as deafness". Many school districts provide the students with speech therapy during school hours, although extended day and summer services may be appropriate under certain circumstances.

Patients will be treated in teams, depending on the type of disorder they have. A team can include SLPs, specialists, family doctors, teachers,and family members.

Social effects

Suffering from a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children. Those with a speech disorder can be targets of bullying because of their disorder. The bullying can result in decreased self-esteem.

Language disorders

Language disorders are usually considered distinct from speech disorders, even though they are often used synonymously.

Speech disorders refer to problems in producing the sounds of speech or with the quality of voice, where language disorders are usually an impairment of either understanding words or being able to use words and does not have to do with speech production.

See also

• British Stammering Association
• FOXP2
• KE family
• Language disorder
• List of voice disorders
• Manner of articulation

• Motor speech disorders
• Speech and language pathology
• Speech and language pathology in school settings
• Speech and language assessment
• Speech perception
• Speech repetition

References

External links

• Communication AND Speech Disorders
• Online voice and speech disorder community (VoiceMatters.net)
• Speech and Language Disorders
• Lisp Issues - A look at solutions for lispers
• Australian Speak Easy Association (Support Group For People Who Stutter)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 小児における発話および言語障害の病因 etiology of speech and language disorders in children
• 2. 小児における発話言語障害の評価および治療 evaluation and treatment of speech and language disorders in children
• 3. 脳性麻痺の臨床的特徴および分類 clinical features and classification of cerebral palsy
• 4. 大脳皮質基底核変性症 corticobasal degeneration
• 5. 緩和ケアにおける嚥下障害および誤嚥：評価およびマネージメント戦略 swallowing disorders and aspiration in palliative care assessment and strategies for management

English Journal

• Untangling attention bias modification from emotion: A double-blind randomized experiment with individuals with social anxiety disorder.

• Heeren A1, Coussement C2, McNally RJ3.
• Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry.J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry.2016 Mar;50:61-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.05.005. Epub 2015 May 22.
• BACKGROUND: Uncertainty abounds regarding the putative mechanisms of attention bias modification (ABM). Although early studies showed that ABM reduced anxiety proneness more than control procedures lacking a contingency between cues and probes, recent work suggests that the latter performed just as
• PMID 26048065

• Psychometric Properties of the Korean Version of the Clinical Language Disorder Rating Scale (CLANG).

• Park SC1,2, Jang EY3, Lee KU4, Lee JG5, Lee HY6, Choi J2,3.
• Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology.Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci.2016 Feb 29;14(1):49-56. doi: 10.9758/cpn.2016.14.1.49.
• OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to measure inter-rater and test-retest reliability, concurrent and convergent validity, and factor solutions of the Korean version of the Clinical Language Disorder Rating Scale (CLANG).METHODS: The Korean version of the CLANG for assessing thought, language, and communica
• PMID 26792040

• First report of co-morbidity of pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration and three types of chronic hemolytic anemias.

• Talaat IM1, Kamal NM2, El Melegy EH3, Alghamdi HA4, Aljabri MF5, Abdallah EA6, Sarar M3, Alshahrani MA7.
• Annals of medicine and surgery (2012).Ann Med Surg (Lond).2015 Nov 10;5:11-3. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2015.10.015. eCollection 2016.
• BACKGROUND: Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia are autosomal recessive disorders that can cause iron deposition in tissues during childhood. PKAN is characterized by accumulation of iron in the basal ganglia causing progressive extrapyramidal
• PMID 26740874

Japanese Journal

• 神経心理学からみた認知症者のコミュニケーション障害の特性と支援(高齢者医療に必要な心身医学的知識,2012年,第53回日本心身医学会総会ならびに学術講演会(鹿児島))

• 飯干 紀代子
• 心身医学 53(4), 318-324, 2013-04-01
• 認知症者のコミュニケーションの障害に焦点を当て,自験例をもとに,症状の神経心理学的分析と,結果に基づく支援の方向性を述べた.(1)コミュニケーションの基本的構成要素の評価結果に基づき,Alzheimer型認知症(以下,AD)のコミュニケーション障害を構音障害型,聴覚障害型,認知障害型,全体高型,全体低型の5つに類型化した.(2)認知障害型ADに実施した集団での包括的認知訓練において,介入前後のMi …
• NAID 110009596682

• 質問-応答関係能力に向上が認められた広汎性発達障害の一例

• 天辰 雅子,戸高 翼,山田 弘幸
• 九州保健福祉大学研究紀要 14, 123-128, 2013-03-00
• … In this study, a child with pervasive developmental disorder was given special training aimed at enabling the child to develop a `question-answer' relationship. … The main factor in change in this case was likely the use of `pattern learning' for interrogatives, given that strength in pattern learning is a characteristic of children with pervasive developmental disorder. …
• NAID 110009595934

• オーラルディアドコキネシスを用いた構音機能の評価と発声発語器官障害との関連

• 杉本 智子,葭原 明弘,伊藤 加代子 [他]
• 口腔衛生学会雑誌 62(5), 445-453, 2012-10-00
• NAID 40019484126

Related Links

• Speech disorder - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Speech disorders or speech impediments are a type of communication disorders where 'normal' speech is disrupted. This can mean stuttering, lisps, etc. Someone who is unable to speak due to a speech disorder is considered mute.

• Speech and Language Disorders and Diseases

Speech and Language Disorders and Diseases. When a person is unable to produce speech sounds correctly or fluently, or has problems with his or her voice, then he or she has a speech disorder. Difficulties pronouncing sounds, or ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「発話障害」「会話障害」「lalopathy」
関連記事	「disorder」「speech」

「発話障害」

　　[★]

英

speech disorder、lalopathy

関

構音障害、会話障害、プロソディ障害

「会話障害」

　　[★]

英

speech disorder

関

発話障害

「lalopathy」

　　[★]

発話障害

関

speech disorder

「disorder」

　　[★]

• 障害：個人的苦痛や機能の障害があるので「疾病」とは言えるものの、その背景にある臓器障害がもう一つはっきりしない場合に用いられる。(PSY.9)

• n.

• an untidy state; a lack of order or organization (⇔order)
• violent behaviour of large groups of people
• an illness that cause a part of the body to stop functioning correctly

• 注意

disease <> illness <> disorder

• vt.

• 乱す、乱雑にする。(人)の(心身の)調子を狂わせる。

• vi.

　 　 　 　

「speech」

　　[★]

• n.

• 発話能力、言語能力。話、発話。会話、対話。演説、スピーチ。話し方、話しぶり。口語、話し言葉。スピーチ学