lalopathy

発話障害

関

speech disorder

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/02/14 08:20:28」(JST)

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Main article: Speech and language pathology

Speech disorder
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	F98.5-F98.6, R47
ICD-9	307.0, 784.5
MeSH	D013064

Speech disorders or speech impediments are a type of communication disorder where 'normal' speech is disrupted. This can mean stuttering, lisps, etc. Someone who is unable to speak due to a speech disorder is considered mute.

Classification

Classifying speech into normal and disordered is more problematic than it first seems. By a strict classification, only 5% to 10% of the population has a completely normal manner of speaking (with respect to all parameters) and healthy voice; all others suffer from one disorder or another.

There are three different levels of classification when determining the magnitude and type of a speech disorder and the proper treatment or therapy:

1. Sounds the patient can produce
   1. Phonemic- can be produced easily; used meaningfully and constructively
   2. Phonetic- produced only upon request; not used consistently, meaningfully, or constructively; not used in connected speech
2. Stimulate sounds
   1. Easily stimulated
   2. Stimulate after demonstration and probing (i.e. with a tongue depressor)
3. Cannot produce the sound
   1. Cannot be produced voluntarily
   2. No production ever observed

Types of disorder

• Apraxia of speech may result from stroke or progressive illness, and involves inconsistent production of speech sounds and rearranging of sounds in a word ("potato" may become "topato" and next "totapo"). Production of words becomes more difficult with effort, but common phrases may sometimes be spoken spontaneously without effort.
• Cluttering, a speech disorder that has similarities to stuttering.
• Developmental verbal dyspraxia also known as childhood apraxia of speech.
• Dysarthria is a weakness or paralysis of speech muscles caused by damage to the nerves and/or brain. Dysarthria is often caused by strokes, parkinsons disease, ALS, head or neck injuries, surgical accident, or cerebral palsy.
• Dysprosody is the rarest neurological speech disorder. It is characterized by alterations in intensity, in the timing of utterance segments, and in rhythm, cadence, and intonation of words. The changes to the duration, the fundamental frequency, and the intensity of tonic and atonic syllables of the sentences spoken, deprive an individual's particular speech of its characteristics. The cause of dysprosody is usually associated with neurological pathologies such as brain vascular accidents, cranioencephalic traumatisms, and brain tumors.
• Muteness is complete inability to speak
• Speech sound disorders involve difficulty in producing specific speech sounds (most often certain consonants, such as /s/ or /r/), and are subdivided into articulation disorders (also called phonetic disorders) and phonemic disorders. Articulation disorders are characterized by difficulty learning to produce sounds physically. Phonemic disorders are characterized by difficulty in learning the sound distinctions of a language, so that one sound may be used in place of many. However, it is not uncommon for a single person to have a mixed speech sound disorder with both phonemic and phonetic components.
• Stuttering affects approximately 1% of the adult population.
• Voice disorders are impairments, often physical, that involve the function of the larynx or vocal resonance.

Causes

In many cases the cause is unknown. However, there are various known causes of speech impediments, such as "hearing loss, neurological disorders, brain injury, intellectual disability, drug abuse, physical impairments such as Cleft lip and palate, and vocal abuse or misuse." Child abuse may also be a cause in some cases.

Treatment

Many of these types of disorders can be treated by speech therapy, but others require medical attention by a doctor in phoniatrics. Other treatments include correction of organic conditions and psychotherapy.

In the United States, school-age children with a speech disorder are often placed in special education programs. Children who struggle to learn to talk often experience persistent communication difficulties in addition to academic struggles. More than 700,000 of the students served in the public schools’ special education programs in the 2000-2001 school year were categorized as having a speech or language impediment. This estimate does not include children who have speech and language impairments secondary to other conditions such as deafness". Many school districts provide the students with speech therapy during school hours, although extended day and summer services may be appropriate under certain circumstances.

Patients will be treated in teams, depending on the type of disorder they have. A team can include SLPs, specialists, family doctors, teachers,and family members.

Social effects

Suffering from a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children. Those with a speech disorder can be targets of bullying because of their disorder. The bullying can result in decreased self-esteem. Later in life, bullying is experienced less by a general population, as people become more understanding as they age.

Language disorders

Language disorders are usually considered distinct from speech disorders, even though they are often used synonymously.

Speech disorders refer to problems in producing the sounds of speech or with the quality of voice, where language disorders are usually an impairment of either understanding words or being able to use words and does not have to do with speech production.

See also

• British Stammering Association
• FOXP2
• KE family
• Language disorder
• List of voice disorders
• Manner of articulation

• Motor speech disorders
• Speech and language pathology
• Speech and language pathology in school settings
• Speech and language assessment
• Speech perception
• Speech repetition

References

External links

• Online voice and speech disorder community (VoiceMatters.net)
• Speech and Language Disorders
• Lisp Issues - A look at solutions for lispers
• Australian Speak Easy Association (Support Group For People Who Stutter)

English Journal

• [Central diabetes insipidus complicated with upbeat nystagmus and cerebellar ataxia].

• Fujikane M1, Katayama S, Hirata K, Sunami S.
• Rinshō shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology.Rinsho Shinkeigaku.1992 Jan;32(1):68-72.
• A 34-year-old male presented with central diabetes insipidus accompanied by upbeat nystagmus and cerebellar ataxia. The patient without family history of above began to walk at the age of 2 years. Polyposia and polyuria were noted at the age of about 4 years. Dysbasia developed at the age of about 7
• PMID 1628438

• [Neurotologic findings in lalopathy].

• Ota F, Monju T, Kitamura H, Totsuji H, Oashi Y.
• Nihon Jibiinkoka Gakkai kaiho.Nihon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho.1972 Oct;75(10):1099-100.
• PMID 4676116

Japanese Journal

• Examination of lalopathy and cognitive function in Parkinson's disease-associated diseases

• Journal of Tokushima National Hospital 6, 37-41, 2015-03
• NAID 40020512768

• 発話障がいを伴う重度身体障がい者のSkype 利用 : 選択肢のもてる社会を目指して

• 立命館人間科学研究 28, 13-26, 2013-10
• NAID 110009684611

• 携帯電話を用いた発話障害者用対話支援システム

• 電子情報通信学会技術研究報告. WIT, 福祉情報工学 106(612), 33-36, 2007-03-16
• NAID 110006249173

Related Links

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Lalopathy definition, any defect of speech. See more. ... People invent new words all the time, but which ones actually make it?

• Lalopathy | definition of lalopathy by Medical dictionary

Looking for online definition of lalopathy in the Medical Dictionary? lalopathy explanation free. What is lalopathy? Meaning of lalopathy medical term. What does lalopathy mean? Lalopathy | definition of lalopathy by Medical ? ...

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「発話障害」「speech disorder」

「発話障害」

　　[★]

英

speech disorder、lalopathy

関

構音障害、会話障害、プロソディ障害

「speech disorder」

　　[★]

• 発話障害、会話障害

関

aprosodia、dyslalia、lalopathy