respiratory disorder

WordNet

1. bring disorder to (同)disarray
2. a physical condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; "the doctor prescribed some medicine for the disorder"; "everyone gets stomach upsets from time to time" (同)upset
3. a disturbance of the peace or of public order
4. pertaining to respiration; "respiratory assistance"
5. a breathing device for administering long-term artificial respiration (同)inhalator
6. not arranged in order (同)unordered

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉『無秩序』,混乱,乱雑(confusion) / 《しばしば複数形で》(社会的・政治的な)粉争,騒動 / 〈C〉(肉体的・精神的な)不調,異常,障害 / …‘の'秩序を乱す / 〈心身〉‘に'異常を起こさせる
2. 呼吸の,呼吸作用の,呼吸のための
3. 《米》人工呼吸装置 / (一般に)マスク;防毒マスク

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/20 09:14:36」(JST)

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Respiratory Disease
Micrograph of an emphysematous lung; emphysema is a common respiratory disease, strongly associated with smoking. H&E stain.
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Pulmonology
ICD-10	J00-J99
ICD-9-CM	460-519
MeSH	D012140

Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing. Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting, such as the common cold, to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and lung cancer.

The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology. A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist, a chest medicine specialist, a respiratory medicine specialist, a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist.

UBET Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways, including by the organ or tissue involved, by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms, or by the cause (aetiology) of the disease.

Inflammatory lung disease

Characterized by a high neutrophil count, e.g. asthma, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Asthma is one of the deadly lung diseases. Asthma is a disease that infects the airways leading to the loss of the control over the smooth muscles that line the bronchi and bronchioles. When exposed to an irritant such as dust or smoke, the smooth muscles that line airways of the asthmatic patient start to contract faster and stronger leading to difficulty breathing.[11]

Restrictive lung diseases

Age-standardised disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rates from respiratory diseases by country (per 100,000 inhabitants).

Restrictive lung diseases are a category of respiratory disease characterized by a loss of lung compliance, causing incomplete lung expansion and increased lung stiffness, such as in infants with respiratory distress syndrome.

Respiratory tract infections

Infections can affect any part of the respiratory system. They are traditionally divided into upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections.

Upper respiratory tract infection

The most common upper respiratory tract infection is the common cold. However, infections of specific organs of the upper respiratory tract such as sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, pharyngitis and laryngitis are also considered upper respiratory tract infections.

Lower respiratory tract infection

The most common lower respiratory tract infection is pneumonia, an infection of the lungs which is usually caused by bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae in Western countries. Worldwide, tuberculosis is an important cause of pneumonia. Other pathogens such as viruses and fungi can cause pneumonia for example severe acute respiratory syndrome and pneumocystis pneumonia. A pneumonia may develop complications such as a lung abscess, a round cavity in the lung caused by the infection, or may spread to the pleural cavity.

Poor oral care may be a contributing factor to lower respiratory disease. New research suggests bacteria from gum disease travel through airways and into the lungs.

Malignant tumors

Malignant tumors of the respiratory system, particularly primary carcinomas of the lung, are a major health problem responsible for 15% of all cancer diagnoses and 30% of all cancer deaths. The majority of respiratory system cancers are attributable to smoking tobacco.

The major histological types of respiratory system cancer are:

• Small cell lung cancer
• Non-small cell lung cancer
  • Adenocarcinoma of the lung
  • Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung
  • Large cell lung carcinoma
• Other lung cancers (carcinoid, Kaposi’s sarcoma, melanoma)
• Lymphoma
• Head and neck cancer
• Pleural mesothelioma, almost always caused by exposure to asbestos dust.

In addition, since many cancers spread via the bloodstream and the entire cardiac output passes through the lungs, it is common for cancer metastases to occur within the lung. Breast cancer may invade directly through local spread, and through lymph node metastases. After metastasis to the liver, colon cancer frequently metastasizes to the lung. Prostate cancer, germ cell cancer and renal cell carcinoma may also metastasize to the lung.

Treatment of respiratory system cancer depends on the type of cancer. Surgical removal of part of a lung (lobectomy, segmentectomy, or wedge resection) or of an entire lung pneumonectomy), along with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are all used. The chance of surviving lung cancer depends on the cancer stage at the time the cancer is diagnosed, and to some extent on the histology, and is only about 14-17% overall. In the case of metastases to the lung, treatment can occasionally be curative but only in certain, rare circumstances.

Benign tumors

Benign tumors are relatively rare causes of respiratory disease. Examples of benign tumors are:

• Pulmonary hamartoma
• Congenital malformations such as pulmonary sequestration and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM).

Pleural cavity diseases

Pleural cavity diseases include pleural mesothelioma which are mentioned above.

A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is known as a pleural effusion. This may be due to fluid shifting from the bloodstream into the pleural cavity due to conditions such as congestive heart failure and cirrhosis. It may also be due to inflammation of the pleura itself as can occur with infection, pulmonary embolus, tuberculosis, mesothelioma and other conditions.

A pneumothorax is a hole in the pleura covering the lung allowing air in the lung to escape into the pleural cavity. The affected lung “collapses” like a deflated balloon. A tension pneumothorax is a particularly severe form of this condition where the air in the pleural cavity cannot escape, so the pneumothorax keeps getting bigger until it compresses the heart and blood vessels, leading to a life-threatening situation.

Pulmonary vascular disease

Pulmonary vascular diseases are conditions that affect the pulmonary circulation. Examples are:

• Pulmonary embolism, a blood clot that forms in a vein, breaks free, travels through the heart and lodges in the lungs (thromboembolism). Large pulmonary emboli are fatal, causing sudden death. A number of other substances can also embolise (travel through the blood stream) to the lungs but they are much more rare: fat embolism (particularly after bony injury), amniotic fluid embolism (with complications of labour and delivery), air embolism (iatrogenic - caused by invasive medical procedures).
• Pulmonary arterial hypertension, elevated pressure in the pulmonary arteries. Most commonly it is idiopathic (i.e. of unknown cause) but it can be due to the effects of another disease, particularly COPD. This can lead to strain on the right side of the heart, a condition known as cor pulmonale.
• Pulmonary edema, leakage of fluid from capillaries of the lung into the alveoli (or air spaces). It is usually due to congestive heart failure.
• Pulmonary hemorrhage, inflammation and damage to capillaries in the lung resulting in blood leaking into the alveoli. This may cause blood to be coughed up. Pulmonary hemorrhage can be due to auto-immune disorders such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis and Goodpasture's syndrome.

Neonatal diseases

Pulmonary diseases may also impact newborns, such as pulmonary hyperplasia and Infant respiratory distress syndrome.

Diagnosis

Respiratory diseases may be investigated by performing one or more of the following tests

• Biopsy of the lung or pleura
• Blood test
• Bronchoscopy
• Chest x-ray
• Computed tomography scan
• Culture of microorganisms from secretions such as sputum
• Ultrasound scanning can be useful to detect fluid such as pleural effusion
• Pulmonary function test
• Ventilation—perfusion scan

Epidemiology

Respiratory disease is a common and significant cause of illness and death around the world. In the US, approximately 1 billion "common colds" occur each year. A study found that in 2010, there were approximately 6.8 million emergency department visits for respiratory disorders in the U.S. for patients under the age of 18. In 2012, respiratory conditions were the most frequent reasons for hospital stays among children.

In the UK, approximately 1 in 7 individuals are affected by some form of chronic lung disease, most commonly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which includes asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Respiratory diseases (including lung cancer) are responsible for over 10% of hospitalizations and over 16% of deaths in Canada.

In 2011, respiratory disease with ventilator support accounted for 93.3% of ICU utilization in the United States.

References

11. Holgate, S. T. (2008). Pathogenesis of

asthma.Clinical And Experimental Allergy: Journal Of The British Society For Allergy And Clinical Immunology, 38(6), 872-897.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 小児における急性呼吸窮迫の原因 causes of acute respiratory distress in children
• 2. RSウイルス感染：臨床的特徴および診断 respiratory syncytial virus infection clinical features and diagnosis
• 3. Respiratory problems in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU)
• 4. 小児における急性呼吸窮迫の緊急評価および即時的マネージメント emergency evaluation and immediate management of acute respiratory distress in children
• 5. The evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of the adult patient with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure

English Journal

• The non-glycosylated isoform of MIC26 is a constituent of the mammalian MICOS complex and promotes formation of crista junctions.

• Koob S1, Barrera M1, Anand R2, Reichert AS3.
• Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015 Jul;1853(7):1551-63. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.03.004. Epub 2015 Mar 9.
• Mitochondrial membrane architecture is important for organelle function. Alterations thereof are linked to a number of human disorders including diabetes and cardiomyopathy. The MICOS complex was recently reported to be a central player determining cristae structure and formation of crista junctions
• PMID 25764979

• The Role of Epidemic Resistance Plasmids and International High-Risk Clones in the Spread of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

• Mathers AJ1, Peirano G2, Pitout JD3.
• Clinical microbiology reviews.Clin Microbiol Rev.2015 Jul;28(3):565-591.
• Escherichia coli sequence type 131 (ST131) and Klebsiella pneumoniae ST258 emerged in the 2000s as important human pathogens, have spread extensively throughout the world, and are responsible for the rapid increase in antimicrobial resistance among E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains, respectively. E.
• PMID 25926236

Japanese Journal

• 嚢胞性線維症(国際比較も含めて) (特集 稀な呼吸器疾患 : 診断と治療の最前線)

• 呼吸器内科 = Respiratory
• NAID 40021223659

• A novel mutation in TAZ causes mitochondrial respiratory chain disorder without cardiomyopathy

• Journal of human genetics 62(5), 539-547, 2017-05
• NAID 40021210340

• 日本人の嚢胞性線維症

• 呼吸器内科 = Respiratory
• NAID 40021077542

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「呼吸障害」「呼吸器疾患」「airway disease」「respiratory illness」「respiratory tract disease」
関連記事	「disorder」「respiratory」

「呼吸障害」

　　[★]

英

respiratory insufficiency、respiratory disorder、respiration disorder

関

呼吸器疾患、呼吸不全

PALS

原因部位

• 上気道閉塞
• 下気道閉塞
• 肺組織病変
• 呼吸調節障害

重症度

• 呼吸窮迫：呼吸数の異常(頻呼吸)、呼吸努力の異常(呼吸努力の増加(鼻翼呼吸、陥没呼吸、呼吸補助筋の使用)、呼吸努力の減少(低換気、徐呼吸))
• 呼吸不全：酸素化and/or換気が不十分な臨床状態であり、呼吸窮迫の末期であることが多い。

「呼吸器疾患」

　　[★]

英

respiratory disease、airway disease、respiratory illness、respiratory tract disease、respiratory disorder

関

呼吸障害、気道疾患

「airway disease」

　　[★]

• 気道疾患、呼吸器疾患

関

respiratory disease、respiratory disorder、respiratory illness、respiratory tract disease

「respiratory illness」

　　[★]

• 呼吸器疾患

関

airway disease、respiratory disease、respiratory disorder、respiratory tract disease

「respiratory tract disease」

　　[★]

• 呼吸器疾患

関

airway disease、respiratory disease、respiratory disorder、respiratory illness

「disorder」

　　[★]

• 障害：個人的苦痛や機能の障害があるので「疾病」とは言えるものの、その背景にある臓器障害がもう一つはっきりしない場合に用いられる。(PSY.9)

• n.

• an untidy state; a lack of order or organization (⇔order)
• violent behaviour of large groups of people
• an illness that cause a part of the body to stop functioning correctly

• 注意

disease <> illness <> disorder

• vt.

• 乱す、乱雑にする。(人)の(心身の)調子を狂わせる。

• vi.

　 　 　 　

「respiratory」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 呼吸の、呼吸器の、呼吸性の

関

breath、breathe、breathing、respiration、respiratory mechanics、respiratory organ、respiratory tract