赤核
- 関
- red nucleus
WordNet
- of a color at the end of the color spectrum (next to orange); resembling the color of blood or cherries or tomatoes or rubies (同)reddish, ruddy, blood-red, carmine, cerise, cherry, cherry-red, crimson, ruby, ruby-red, scarlet
- red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood (同)redness
- the syllable naming the second (supertonic) note of any major scale in solmization (同)ray
- a tributary of the Mississippi River that flows eastward from Texas along the southern boundary of Oklahoma and through Louisiana (同)Red River
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈U〉〈C〉『赤,』『赤色;』赤い絵の具(染料) / 〈U〉赤い服 / 〈C〉《しばしば『R-』》《話》《時に軽べつして》アカ,共産主義者;過激論(主義)者 / 〈U〉《通例the ~》(会計の)赤字,負債 / 『赤い』,赤色の / (顔・目などが)赤くなった;血に染った / 赤い服を着た;赤毛の / 《しばしば『R-』》《話》《軽べつして》共産主義の;過激な
- レ(全音階の第2音)
- nucleusの複数形
- roentgen / recto
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/03/11 17:58:08」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Not to be confused with Red blood cell#Nucleus.
Red nucleus |
Transverse section through the midbrain showing the location of the red nuclei. The superior colliculi are at the top of image and the cerebral peduncles at the bottom of image – both in section.
|
Details |
Latin |
nucleus ruber |
Identifiers |
Gray's |
p.802 |
MeSH |
A08.186.211.132.659.822.642 |
NeuroNames |
hier-496 |
NeuroLex ID |
Red nucleus |
Dorlands
/Elsevier |
n_11/12583247 |
TA |
A14.1.06.323 |
FMA |
62407 |
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy |
The red nucleus or nucleus ruber is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. It is pale pink in color; the color is believed to be due to iron, which is present in the red nucleus in at least two different forms: hemoglobin and ferritin.[1] It comprises a caudal magnocellular and a rostral parvocellular part. It is located in the tegmentum of the midbrain next to the substantia nigra. The red nucleus and substantia nigra are subcortical centers of the extrapyramidal motor system.
Contents
- 1 Function
- 2 Input and output
- 3 See also
- 4 Additional images
- 5 References
- 6 External links
§Function
In vertebrates without a significant corticospinal tract, gait is mainly controlled by the red nucleus.
However, where the corticospinal tract is dominant (as in primates), the rubrospinal tract may be considered to be vestigial. Therefore, here the red nucleus is less important in motor functions than in many other mammals. However, the crawling of babies is controlled by the red nucleus, as is arm swinging in typical walking.[2] The red nucleus may play an additional role in controlling muscles of the shoulder and upper arm via projections of its magnocellular part. In humans, the red nucleus also has sparse control over hands, as the rubrospinal tract is more involved in large muscle movement such as that for arms (but not the legs, as the tract terminates in the superior thoracic region of the spinal cord). Fine control of the fingers is not modified by the functioning of the red nucleus (rather it relies on the corticospinal tract). The majority of red nucleus axons do not project to the spinal cord, but instead (via its parvocellular part) relay information from the motor cortex to the cerebellum through the inferior olivary complex, an important relay center in the medulla.
§Input and output
The red nucleus receives many inputs from the cerebellum (interposed nucleus and the lateral cerebellar nucleus) of the opposite side and an input from the motor cortex of the same side.
The Red Nucleus has two sets of efferents.
- In humans, the majority of the output goes to the bundle of fibers continues through the medial tegmental field toward the inferior olive of the same side, to form part of a pathway that ultimately influence the cerebellum.
- The other output (the rubrospinal projection) goes to the rhombencephalic reticular formation and spinal cord of the opposite side, making up the rubrospinal tract, which runs ventral to the lateral corticospinal tract. As stated earlier, the rubrospinal tract is more important in non-primate species: in primates, because of the well-developed cerebral cortex, the corticospinal tract has taken over the role of the rubrospinal.
§See also
- List of regions in the human brain
§Additional images
-
Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories (I to V).
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Deep dissection of brain-stem. Ventral view.
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Transverse section through mid-brain.
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Transverse section of mid-brain at level of superior colliculi.
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Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons.
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Human brain frontal (coronal) section
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-
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Cerebral peduncle, optic chasm, cerebral aqueduct. Inferior view. Deep dissection.
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Cerebral peduncle, optic chasm, cerebral aqueduct. Inferior view. Deep dissection.
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Cerebrum. Inferior view.Deep dissection
§References
- ^ Wikipedia Red Nucleus Revision https://sites.google.com/site/childrenoftheamphioxus/table-of-contents/wikipedia-red-nucleus-revision
- ^ Being and Perceiving. Manupod Press. 2011. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-9569621-0-2.
§External links
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red nucleus. |
- Stained brain slice images which include the "Red nucleus" at the BrainMaps project
- Diagram at uni-tuebingen.de
Anatomy of the midbrain
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|
Tectum
(Dorsal) |
Surface |
- Corpora quadrigemina:
- Inferior colliculus
- Superior colliculus
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Grey matter |
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White: Sensory/ascending |
- Spinotectal tract
- Central tegmental tract
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White: Motor/descending |
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|
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Peduncle
(Ventral) |
Tegmentum |
White: Sensory/ascending |
- Lemnisci
- Ascending MLF
- Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
- Spinothalamic tract
- Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
- Dentatothalamic tract
|
|
White: Motor/descending |
- Rubrospinal tract
- Rubro-olivary tract
- Descending MLF
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Grey: cranial nuclei |
- GSA
- Mesencephalic- GSE
- Oculomotor nucleus, Trochlear nucleus- GVE
- Edinger–Westphal nucleus
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Grey: other |
- Periaqueductal gray
- Raphe nuclei
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- Ventral tegmental area
- Pedunculopontine nucleus
- Red nucleus
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|
- Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
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Ventricular system |
|
|
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Base |
White: Motor/descending |
- Cerebral crus: Corticospinal tract
- Corticobulbar tract
- Corticopontine tract/Frontopontine fibers/Temporopontine fibers
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Grey: Substantia nigra |
- Pars compacta
- Pars reticulata
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|
Surface |
- Superior cerebellar peduncle
- Interpeduncular fossa
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Index of the central nervous system
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|
Description |
- Anatomy
- meninges
- cortex
- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- lateral ventricles
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord
- Physiology
- Development
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|
Disease |
- Meningitis
- Demyelinating diseases
- Seizures and epilepsy
- Headache
- Stroke
- Sleep
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- head and neck
- eponymous
- lesions
|
|
Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- general anesthetics
- analgesics
- addiction
- epilepsy
- cholinergics
- migraine
- Parkinson's
- vertigo
- other
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Brain and spinal cord: neural tracts and fasciculi
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|
Sensory/
ascending |
PCML |
1°: |
- Pacinian corpuscle/Meissner's corpuscle → Posterior column (Gracile fasciculus/Cuneate fasciculus) → Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus
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2°: |
- → sensory decussation/arcuate fibers (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers) → Medial lemniscus/Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus (VPL, VPM)
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3°: |
- → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus
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|
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Anterolateral/
pain |
Fast/lateral |
- 1° (Free nerve ending → A delta fiber) → 2° (Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus) → 3° (Postcentral gyrus) → 4° (Posterior parietal cortex)
2° (Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum)
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Slow/medial |
- 1° (Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation) → 2° (MD of Thalamus) → 3° (Cingulate cortex)
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|
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Motor/
descending |
Pyramidal |
- flexion: Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) → Neuromuscular junction
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Extrapyramidal |
flexion: |
- Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles
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flexion: |
- Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract
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extension: |
- Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract
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extension: |
- Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract
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- Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck
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|
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Basal ganglia |
direct: |
1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 4° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 5° (Motor cortex)
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indirect: |
1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPe) → 3° (Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus) → 4° (Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi) → 5° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 6° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 7° (Motor cortex)
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nigrostriatal pathway: |
|
|
|
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Cerebellar |
Afferent |
- Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell
- Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell
- Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei
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|
Efferent |
- Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex
- Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation, or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex
- Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nuclei
|
|
Bidirectional:
Spinocerebellar |
Unconscious
proprioception |
- lower limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis)
- upper limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum)
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Reflex arc |
- lower limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract→ SCP → Cerebellar vermis)
- upper limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum)
|
|
|
|
Index of the central nervous system
|
|
Description |
- Anatomy
- meninges
- cortex
- association fibers
- commissural fibers
- lateral ventricles
- basal ganglia
- diencephalon
- mesencephalon
- pons
- cerebellum
- medulla
- spinal cord
- Physiology
- Development
|
|
Disease |
- Meningitis
- Demyelinating diseases
- Seizures and epilepsy
- Headache
- Stroke
- Sleep
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
- head and neck
- eponymous
- lesions
|
|
Treatment |
- Procedures
- Drugs
- general anesthetics
- analgesics
- addiction
- epilepsy
- cholinergics
- migraine
- Parkinson's
- vertigo
- other
|
Index of the peripheral nervous system
|
|
Description |
- Anatomy
- Nerves
- cranial
- trigeminal
- cervical
- brachial
- lumbosacral plexus
- somatosensory
- spinal
- autonomic
- Physiology
- reflexes
- proteins
- neurotransmitters
- transporters
- Development
|
|
Disease |
- Autonomic
- Congenital
- Injury
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Other
- Symptoms and signs
|
|
Treatment |
- Procedures
- Local anesthetics
|
|
|
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Emotional arousal state influences the ability of amygdalar endocannabinoid signaling to modulate anxiety.
- Morena M1, Leitl KD1, Vecchiarelli HA1, Gray JM1, Campolongo P2, Hill MN3.
- Neuropharmacology.Neuropharmacology.2016 Dec;111:59-69. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.020. Epub 2016 Aug 20.
- Systemic activation of cannabinoid receptors often induces biphasic effects on emotional memory and anxiety depending on the levels of emotional arousal associated to the experimental context. The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) represents a crucial structure for the ability of endocannabi
- PMID 27553121
- Heterogeneity of osteoclast activity and bone turnover in different skeletal sites.
- Goldberg S1, Grynpas MD2, Glogauer M3.
- Archives of oral biology.Arch Oral Biol.2016 Nov;71:134-143. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.06.026. Epub 2016 Jul 26.
- OBJECTIVE: To compare osteoclasts and bone turnover in the cranial and appendicular skeletons of mice and determine whether estrogen depletion has an impact on these differences.DESIGN: In vitro osteoclastogenesis (OCG) was performed on osteoclasts precursors derived from calvarial, mandibular and f
- PMID 27505033
- Sex and seasonal differences in neurogenesis and volume of the song-control system are associated with song in brood-parasitic and non-brood-parasitic icterid songbirds.
- Guigueno MF1,2, Sherry DF3,4,5, MacDougall-Shackleton SA3,4,5.
- Developmental neurobiology.Dev Neurobiol.2016 Nov;76(11):1226-1240. doi: 10.1002/dneu.22385. Epub 2016 Mar 9.
- The song-control system in the brain of songbirds is important for the production and acquisition of song and exhibits both remarkable seasonal plasticity and some of the largest neural sex differences observed in vertebrates. We measured sex and seasonal differences in two nuclei of the song-contro
- PMID 26898912
Japanese Journal
- 68Ga-DOTATOC-PET/CTが診断・治療法決定に有用であった多発肝転移をともなう膵尾部ガストリノーマの1例
- Vasopressin-Enhanced green fluorescent protein and oxytocin-monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 in colchicine treated transgenic rats (Special issue : proceedings of parvo- and magnocellular symposium in Sendai : creating a new stream of neuroendocrinology)
- Nucleation–fibrillation dynamics of Aβ
Related Links
- Who We Are Red Nucleus is the premier provider of learning and performance solutions for the life sciences industry. We work exclusively within the life sciences to ensure our team intimately understands your business, products ...
- nucleus [noo´kle-us] (pl. nu´clei) (L.) 1. cell nucleus; a spheroid body within a cell, contained in a double membrane, the nuclear envelope, and containing ... The neurons for vertical saccades arise from nuclei in the prerubral fields ...
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- red nucleus (B), red nuclei
- ラ
- nucleus ruber
- 関
- 不随意運動、錐体外路
- 図:KA.102,117
- 中脳の上部に位置する神経核
- 核は直径約5mmの卵円系
- 錐体外路の中継核
入力
出力
機能
臨床関連
[★]
- 関
- erythro
[★]
核
- 関
- nuclear、nucleo、nucleus