赤核
WordNet
- move over something with pressure; "rub my hands"; "rub oil into her skin"
- the act of rubbing or wiping; "he gave the hood a quick rub" (同)wipe
- cause friction; "my sweater scratches" (同)fray, fret, chafe, scratch
- scrape or rub as if to relieve itching; "Dont scratch your insect bites!" (同)scratch, itch
- a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
- (astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
- any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
- the positively charged dense center of an atom
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 〈物の表面など〉‘を'『こする』,さする / (…に)…‘を'こすりつける《+名+『against(on, over)』+名》;(…に)…‘を'すりこむ《+『名』+『in』(『into, on』)+『名』》 / 〈二つの物〉‘を'こすり合わせる《+『名』+『together,』+『together』+『名』》 / ‥‘を'こすり落とす《+『名』+『away』(『off』)『,』+『away』(『off』)+『名』》 / …‘を'すりむく,ひりひりさせる / (…の表面を)『こする』,すれる《+『against』(『on』)+『名』》;〈二つの物が〉こすれ合う《+『together』》 / 《単数形で》こすること / 当てこすり / 《the rub》やっかいな事,困難
- 中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核
- いなかっぺ,いなか者
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/12/15 01:04:05」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Not to be confused with Red blood cell § Nucleus.
| Red nucleus |
|
Transverse section through the midbrain showing the location of the red nuclei. The superior colliculi are at the top of image and the cerebral peduncles at the bottom of image – both in section.
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| Details |
| Identifiers |
| Latin |
nucleus ruber |
| MeSH |
A08.186.211.132.659.822.642 |
| NeuroNames |
hier-496 |
| NeuroLex ID |
Red nucleus |
| TA |
A14.1.06.323 |
| FMA |
62407 |
| Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
|
The red nucleus or nucleus ruber is a structure in the rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. It is pale pink in color; the color is believed to be due to iron, which is present in the red nucleus in at least two different forms: hemoglobin and ferritin.[1] It comprises a caudal magnocellular and a rostral parvocellular part. It is located in the tegmentum of the midbrain next to the substantia nigra. The red nucleus and substantia nigra are subcortical centers of the extrapyramidal motor system.
Contents
- 1 Function
- 2 Input and output
- 3 See also
- 4 Additional images
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Function
In vertebrates without a significant corticospinal tract, gait is mainly controlled by the red nucleus.
However, where the corticospinal tract is dominant (as in primates), the rubrospinal tract may be considered to be vestigial. Therefore, here the red nucleus is less important in motor functions than in many other mammals. However, the crawling of babies is controlled by the red nucleus, as is arm swinging in typical walking.[2] The red nucleus may play an additional role in controlling muscles of the shoulder and upper arm via projections of its magnocellular part. In humans, the red nucleus also has sparse control over hands, as the rubrospinal tract is more involved in large muscle movement such as that for arms (but not the legs, as the tract terminates in the superior thoracic region of the spinal cord). Fine control of the fingers is not modified by the functioning of the red nucleus (rather it relies on the corticospinal tract). The majority of red nucleus axons do not project to the spinal cord, but instead (via its parvocellular part) relay information from the motor cortex to the cerebellum through the inferior olivary complex, an important relay center in the medulla.
Input and output
The red nucleus receives many inputs from the cerebellum (interposed nucleus and the lateral cerebellar nucleus) of the opposite side and an input from the motor cortex of the same side.
The red nucleus has two sets of efferents:-
- In humans, the majority of the output goes to the bundle of fibers continues through the medial tegmental field toward the inferior olive of the same side, to form part of a pathway that ultimately influence the cerebellum.
- The other output (the rubrospinal projection) goes to the rhombencephalic reticular formation and spinal cord of the opposite side, making up the rubrospinal tract, which runs ventral to the lateral corticospinal tract. As stated earlier, the rubrospinal tract is more important in non-primate species: in primates, because of the well-developed cerebral cortex, the corticospinal tract has taken over the role of the rubrospinal.
See also
- List of regions in the human brain
Additional images
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Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories (I to V).
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Deep dissection of brain-stem. Ventral view.
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Transverse section through mid-brain.
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Transverse section of mid-brain at level of superior colliculi.
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Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons.
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Human brain frontal (coronal) section
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-
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Cerebral peduncle, optic chasm, cerebral aqueduct. Inferior view. Deep dissection.
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Cerebral peduncle, optic chasm, cerebral aqueduct. Inferior view. Deep dissection.
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Cerebrum. Inferior view.Deep dissection
References
- ^ Wikipedia Red Nucleus Revision https://sites.google.com/site/childrenoftheamphioxus/table-of-contents/wikipedia-red-nucleus-revision
- ^ Being and Perceiving. Manupod Press. 2011. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-9569621-0-2.
External links
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red nucleus. |
- Stained brain slice images which include the "Red nucleus" at the BrainMaps project
- Diagram at uni-tuebingen.de
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Anatomy of the midbrain
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Tectum
(Dorsal) |
| Surface |
- Corpora quadrigemina:
- Inferior colliculus
- Superior colliculus
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| Grey matter |
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| White: Sensory/ascending |
- Spinotectal tract
- Central tegmental tract
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| White: Motor/descending |
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Peduncle
(Ventral) |
| Tegmentum |
| White: Sensory/ascending |
- Lemnisci
- Ascending MLF
- Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
- Spinothalamic tract
- Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
- Dentatothalamic tract
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|
| White: Motor/descending |
- Rubrospinal tract
- Rubro-olivary tract
- Descending MLF
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|
| Grey: cranial nuclei |
- GSA
- Mesencephalic- GSE
- Oculomotor nucleus, Trochlear nucleus- GVE
- Edinger–Westphal nucleus
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| Grey: other |
- Periaqueductal gray
- Raphe nuclei
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- Ventral tegmental area
- Pedunculopontine nucleus
- Red nucleus
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- Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
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| Ventricular system |
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| Base |
| White: Motor/descending |
- Cerebral crus: Corticospinal tract
- Corticobulbar tract
- Corticopontine tract/Frontopontine fibers/Temporopontine fibers
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| Grey: Substantia nigra |
- Pars compacta
- Pars reticulata
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| Surface |
- Superior cerebellar peduncle
- Interpeduncular fossa
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Brain and spinal cord: neural tracts and fasciculi
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Sensory/
ascending |
| PCML |
| 1°: |
- Pacinian corpuscle/Meissner's corpuscle → Posterior column (Gracile fasciculus/Cuneate fasciculus) → Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus
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| 2°: |
- → sensory decussation/arcuate fibers (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers) → Medial lemniscus/Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus (VPL, VPM)
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| 3°: |
- → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus
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Anterolateral/
pain |
| Fast/lateral |
- 1° (Free nerve ending → A delta fiber) → 2° (Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus) → 3° (Postcentral gyrus) → 4° (Posterior parietal cortex)
2° (Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum)
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| Slow/medial |
- 1° (Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation) → 2° (MD of Thalamus) → 3° (Cingulate cortex)
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|
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Motor/
descending |
| Pyramidal |
- flexion: Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) → Neuromuscular junction
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| Extrapyramidal |
| flexion: |
- Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles
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| flexion: |
- Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract
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| extension: |
- Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract
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| extension: |
- Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract
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- Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck
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| Basal ganglia |
| direct: |
1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 4° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 5° (Motor cortex)
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| indirect: |
1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPe) → 3° (Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus) → 4° (Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi) → 5° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 6° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 7° (Motor cortex)
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| nigrostriatal pathway: |
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| Cerebellar |
| Afferent |
- Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell
- Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell
- Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei
|
|
| Efferent |
- Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex
- Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation, or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex
- Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nuclei
|
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Bidirectional:
Spinocerebellar |
Unconscious
proprioception |
- lower limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis)
- upper limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum)
|
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| Reflex arc |
- lower limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract→ SCP → Cerebellar vermis)
- upper limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum)
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UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Response of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway to oxygen deprivation in the red eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans.
- Bansal S1, Biggar KK1, Krivoruchko A1, Storey KB2.
- Gene.Gene.2016 Nov 15;593(1):34-40. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.08.010. Epub 2016 Aug 5.
- The red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans, is a model organism commonly used to study the environmental stress of anoxia. It exhibits multiple biochemical adaptations to ensure its survival during the winter months where quantities of oxygen are largely depleted. We proposed that JAK-ST
- PMID 27502419
- Remodeling of Neuronal Circuits After Reach Training in Chronic Capsular Stroke.
- Cho J1, Kwon DH1, Kim RG1, Song H1, Rosa-Neto P2, Lee MC3, Kim HI4.
- Neurorehabilitation and neural repair.Neurorehabil Neural Repair.2016 Nov;30(10):941-950. Epub 2016 May 18.
- BACKGROUND: Subcortical capsular stroke has a poor prognosis, and it is not yet fully understood how and under what circumstances reach training contributes to motor recovery. Objective This study was performed to investigate changes in neuronal circuits and motor recovery in a chronic capsular stro
- PMID 27198184
- Angiotensin receptors and β-catenin regulate brain endothelial integrity in malaria.
- Gallego-Delgado J, Basu-Roy U, Ty M, Alique M, Fernandez-Arias C, Movila A, Gomes P, Weinstock A, Xu W, Edagha I, Wassmer SC, Walther T, Ruiz-Ortega M, Rodriguez A.
- The Journal of clinical investigation.J Clin Invest.2016 Oct 3;126(10):4016-4029. doi: 10.1172/JCI87306. Epub 2016 Sep 19.
- Cerebral malaria is characterized by cytoadhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (Pf-iRBCs) to endothelial cells in the brain, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, and cerebral microhemorrhages. No available antimalarial drugs specifically target the endothelial disruptions unde
- PMID 27643439
Japanese Journal
- 赤核症候群(Benedikt症候群,Claude症候群を含む)(Interior Nucleus Ruber Syndrome)
- 赤核症候群(Benedikt症候群, Claude症候群を含む)
- コイの中脳遊泳運動誘発域と誘起される魚体運動〔英文〕
- 植松 一眞,池田 隆
- 日本水産学会誌 59(5), 783-788, 1993
- … The origin of projections to the spinal cord is assumed to be located in the nucleus fasciculus longitudinalis or the nucleus ruber. …
- NAID 130001545882
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- red nucleus (B), red nuclei
- ラ
- nucleus ruber
- 関
- 不随意運動、錐体外路
- 図：KA.102,117
- 中脳の上部に位置する神経核
- 核は直径約5mmの卵円系
- 錐体外路の中継核
入力
出力
機能
臨床関連
[★]